INTRODUCTION Appreciation is expressed to those who participated in the development of this study. This list includes, in part, Community College Service, various members of the Department of Sociology, and the Business Office of The State College of Washington. Without the cooperation of these units such a study would have been impossible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I - Development of the Area 1 Chapter II - Composition of the Area 29 43 Chapter IV - Racial Attitudes 55 Chapter V - Schools and Government 73 Chapter VI - Health and Recreation 79 Chapter VII - Housing 87 Chapter VIII - Shopping Habits 105 Appendix A; Methodological Approach 115 Appendix B: Copy of Questionnaire 123 Chapter III - Attitudes Toward The Community and Its Growth CHAPTER I DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA Introduction 1 L Iforecasts of the Population of the United States, 1945-1975, U. S, De partment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The possibility of future population growth of a In studies such as this, it should be kept in mind that predictions of future economic activity are based on certain assumptions, and although these assumptions seem logical at the time they are made, future develop ments may make them untenable. For example, the assumption is made that a high level of employment will continue, possibly not at the peak levels reached in 1947 and 1948, but at levels substantially above the aver age level of the 1930’s. If such a level is not maintained the estimates in cluded in this survey should be altered substantially. A further example is the assumption that present federal policies of expanding hydro-electric power and irrigation projects as rapidly as feasible will continue uninter rupted. Obviously, the recurrence of a war economy would upset these plans. No assumptions can be made on the bases of the development of in ventions and scientific progress as such developments cannot be predicted. Consequently, estimates are based upon our present inventory of scientific achievement and industrial methods. community is largely dependent on its economic development in relation to other communities To an increasing degree population growth of a community will be at the ex pense of other communities. This is because of a long-range falling rate of population increase in the United States. Between 1900 and 1910 the popu lation of this country was increasing by 1.93 per cent per year. The corres ponding figure for the 1930’s was only .70 per cent. The Bureau of the Census estimates that on the basis of present trends in birth and death rates the rate of population increase will continue to decrease during the next few decades, possibly disappearing as early as 1975. This means that the sources of any future population increase in a given area will be limited largely to a surplus population on farms and a. migration from other com munities. The great expansion of urban population in America came when immigration was high and the native population had an excess of births over deaths. In short, the outlook for population growth indicates greater competition for people among communities in the future. Such competition will be largely in terms of economic opportunities and the manner in which the people evaluate these opportunities. For this reason, the introductory part of this study is devoted to a survey of the economic conditions relevant to future population trends. r -2- -3- Chief Economic Factors cost advantage Development Trends of the Pacific Northwest on The Expansion of Irrigated Acreage in the Proximity of Pasco and Kennewick 1 2 Ibid.., 7, 78, 1 Lee, op. cit. In view of these two important facts future industrial development of the Pacific Northwest and of the Inland Empire in particular will probably be gradual. As population expands and local markets become larger, in dustries of efficient size will come. One exception to this trend of develop ment is the electro-process industries. The controlling factor in the lo cation of these industries today is the availability of large blocks of power. Although the Pacific Northwest may not be the most efficient location in terms of its nearness to either the markets or the raw materials, future expansion of these industries will probably be greatest in this region. It is the only area that has a potential of power far in excess of present consump tion, This, however, does not mean that fabricating industries based on the products of hydroelectric power industries will necessarily locate in the region. They may be located closer to the principal markets. One method of increasing the volume would be to ship into eastern markets. The difficulty here is that the freight rates structure encourages the shipment of manufactured goods from east to west and raw materials and agricultural products from west to east. The western manufacturer is at a disadvantage in relation to freight rates of his competitors in the more densely populated areas of the East. Not only are the rates higher for eastward shipment, but selling in eastern markets includes a backhaul -- westward movement of materials and back movement of finished goods. The economic potential of Pasco and Kennewick rests on the trends of development of the Pacific Northwest and on factors which set Pasco and Kennewick apart from most communities in the region. Chief among these are: the proximity to large blocs of land to be irrigated, proximity to the expand ing community of Richland, the presence of excellent railroad connections, and the favorable location in regard to the developing inland waterway of the Columbia River. All of these except the railroads are in the process of significant changes; consequently, the estimates of the future must rest on assumptions as to the pattern of development of each Prior to World War II economic activity in Pasco and Kennewick was largely related to either agriculture or transportation. The development of the Columbia Basin and the enlargement of the Kennewick Division of the Yakima Project will materially improve this economic base -- increasing both the flow of agricultural products through the two cities and the market for merchandise. Before examining the possible influences of these develop ments a brief description of each is given. shipped into the region; hence, the local manufacturer has no based on location to offset the factor of size. Furthermore, many consumer and industrial products are priced on a delivered or zone basis. At the more distant points such a price may not reflect the full cost of transportation from the point of manufacture. The local plant, therefore, may have to pay full freight costs on materials and compete with prices on furnished goods which^do not reflect the full freight costs on finished goods shipped into the area. This subject has been treated comprehensively elsewhere by Maurice Lee1 and by Margaret Schleef.2 Several points important for understanding the Pasco-Kennewick area will be indicated here. Economic activity in the Pacific Northwest has been related largely to the extractive industries such as mining, agriculture, and lumber. It has been a surplus areafor this type of product and a deficit area for most finished goods other than lumber and food. Manufacturing in the Inland Empire has been concentrated in the fields of processing raw materials located in the area. In 1939 employment in logging, sawmills, and planning mills, furniture and miscellaneous wood pro ducts, non-ferrous metals, meat packing, fruit and vegetable processing, and flour and other grain mill products was higher relative to total employ ment than in the country as a whole. All of these industries concentrate in the region because of raw materials. Only one industry classification -- printing and publishing -- was concentrated in the Inland Empire which was not dependent on the location of raw materials.3 The low volume of employment in industries which are not dependent the natural resources of the immediate area is due to many economic factors -- the two most important, being the small population and the structure of freight rates. Population has not been sufficient to provide the size of market required for efficient manufacturing. Unit costs of many manufactured products are lowered by large-scale production. Without a large market available a new manufacturer is likely to have higher costs and is consequently at a competitive disadvantage. Many of the important materials such as steel and textiles used in basic manufacturing must be Appraisal of Pacific Northwest: Harvard Business Review, May 1948. Manufacturing Trends in the Inland Empire: Economic and Business Studies; Bulletin No. 4, December 1947 -- The State College of Washington. 3 1 I -4- -5- Columbia Basin U, S. Department of the Interior, These conditions in themselves would point to serious decline in wheat prices. So far the federal government has been supporting wheat prices at 90 per cent of parity The Agricultural Act of 1948 made several important changes in this policy; however, the basic principles of government support to prices remain If the wheat farmers of the nation choose an acreage allotment program, the support prices can be set as high as 90 per cent of the average prices for the past ten years, adjusted for changes in the prices paid by farmers. Such a program might seriously curtail acreage in the Basin if the base period used for allocating acreage was one of several years back. It is not possible to predict how long this favorable condition for wheat farming will last, The future is dependent upon the behavior of wheat prices, yields in the area, and costs. All indications point today to a general wheat surplus. Our production has expanded almost 50 per cent over the 1930-39 average; and our domestic consumption has been, except for the war years, declining, Foreign wheat areas are now well on the way to recovering their prewar production levels. The foreign demand for United States wheat, especially that of the Pacific Northwest, is falling and will likely continue. It is clear that the relatively high yields during the past five years are due to both favorable weather conditions and improvements in cultivation practices.. The improved equipment has made possible better timing of operations with resulting higher yields. This has offset, in part, higher wage rates and equipment costs Consequently, it is difficult to say how low wheat prices would have to go to make it unprofitable in this area. It may not be the marginal area that it once was. It is frequently stated that the land will remain in wheat until prices drop drastically or there is one or more crop failures The first does not appear likely during the next few years by reason of government policy toward support prices. This assumes that government policy can be made effective. The second may be offset in part by improved farm practices. Although 1.2 million acres are considered irrigable, the actual num ber will be somewhat reduced under most favorable conditions. From this must be deducted acreage for additional roads, railroads, canals, non-farm ing housing, commercial enterprises, etc, Also, a considerable acreage on the east side of the Columbia River opposite Hanford will undoubtedly be retained for many years to come by the government for security and health reasons? These acreages must be eliminated from consideration for the next few years at least because of economic factors. During the last few years wheat has been very profitable in many sections of the dry farming area. Farms, which in the late 1930’s were considered uneconomical for wheat have had a series of profitable years, The wheat prices during the past five years and the relatively high yields have not increased the desire to undertake the radical shift to irrigation farming, 1 See Types of Farming Problems, 2, Bureau of Reclamation. 2 The soil is so light that water requirements would be greater than is considered economical. It should be pointed out, however, that the land classification was made several years ago Current developments in sprinkler irrigation may require modification of this, especially under a prolonged period of high agricultural prices. 3 Recent statements indicate the possibility of turning some of this land back, This is now being considered by the Atomic Energy Commission The Bureau of Reclamation has estimated that there would be 300,000 acres of irrigated land available by 1955 and 700,000 acres available by 1965. If all of the land now in wheat remains entirely out of irrigation this latter figure might drop considerably lower. The future of wheat lands is of particular importance to the Tri-City Area because some of it is within the potential market area and some effectively cuts off land in the southern end of the Basin from irrigation, As long as the area between Eltopia and Connel is in wheat, land in the southern parts of Franklin County may not be irrigated because the costs per acre of irrigated land would be too high. In short, under present conditions the area close to Pasco cannot be expected to develop into a rich irrigated agricultural area. The entire Columbia Basin area -- that is the acreage which lies within the limits of irrigation -- is in excess of 1.5 million acres, This total includes a considerable amount of land which is not considered suffi ciently productive to make irrigation economically sound. The better land, amounting to 1.2 million acreage, has been divided into three principal classifications, with numerous subclassifications, on the basis of soil fer tility and topography. The acreage of these three classes for the several geographic subdivisions are clearly set forth in the Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, The areas immediately to the north (Pasco slope) and to the east (Bur bank Bench) of Pasco contain large amounts of land not considered for irri gation due to the extremely light soil texture.^ The land which can be irri gated is largely in Classes 2 and 3 with very little land in the best class. What types of agriculture will prove to be the most profitable in the Basin? The Joint Investigations made prior to the war point to a general type of farming with an emphasis on dairying and livestock. When the pro ject is fully developed, milk and milk products are expected to be the largest factor in gross agricultural income -- nearly 30 per cent. Only in a few areas where both lands of high productivity and long growing seasons are found, is it likely that there will be intensive fruit and truck farming, A small area of this type is located from 12 to 24 miles to the northeast of Pasco. The rest of the irrigable land near Pasco is likely to be dairy and mixed livestock. With most of the land in Classes 2 and 3 these more ex tensive types of farming will be found more profitable. More emphasis on cash crops is likely in the vicinity of Eltopia. I -7--6- 4* TABLE 1 Kennewick Division 1 Land Class 1 2T 2S 3T 3S Optimum Size (Acres) 50 55 80 90 110 The statistics used in these paragraphs are taken from the Bureau of Re clamation Project Planning Report No. 1-535-1 and Appendix Report-- Yakima Project, Kennewick Division, Washington, July 1947. op, cit. Problem 6, p. : as many farms as The Secretary of In Such a development would depress net farm income and discourage expenditures in the communities, Merchants might be faced with large “accounts receivable” in a time when credit sources were not as good as usual. For this reason a conservative program of settlement might in the end be most beneficial to the communities. 45 - 65 50 - 70 72.5 - 110 80 - 120 100 - 160 The influences of the development of the Columbia Basin on communi ties in the area will be quite different during the developmental period. Dur ing the next ten to twenty years or more the communities within and near the Basin will serve as important distribution points for supplies. During this period there will be a large amount of construction on farms and for com munity services. 77. The rate of development will vary for different sections of the project The general rule appears to be that settlement in the areas where the cost to the government is the lowest per farm will be first. Settlement in the areas containing large blocks of non-irrigable land will be least rapid. On these principles it is clear that the area to the north of Pasco will be among the last sections to be opened up. The timetable for settlement is ever changing. It is thought likely that water out of the main irrigation channel will be available in the northern part of Franklin County within the next four or five years. The areas in the southern and eastern part of the county may be considerably later, perhaps not until 1965, Further development of the Kennewick Division of the Yakima Irri gation Project will add an estimated 1,100 to 1,500 1 people to the outlying Furthermore, and possibly of more importance for the communities in the area, a period of excessive prices during settlement is not conducive to the sound financial status of settlers. Many of the expenditures required during the first few years are for relatively permanent improvements For the average settler these will be paid for out of future gross income. To day’s high prices also make the initial investments quite high. Although current agricultural prices are high enough to compensate for these costs the outlook must include a strong possibility for lower prices and especially lower agricultural prices. Agricultural prices have increased over the 1936-39 level at least 50 per cent more than the prices of commodities pur chased by farmers. Because of the characteristics of both the demand for food and agricultural production, prices for the latter tend to fluctuate much more widely than do industrial prices. If agricultural prices are likely to decline during the next decade, the settler with high investment costs will face extreme difficulty in meeting the original costs, Land Classes, Optimum Size in Acres and Range in Acres, As Set Forth By Columbia Joint Investigations. Range (Acres) In administering this Act, the Secretary of Interior must define suitable living levels” Several studies indicate that a new farm income between $1,000 and $1,249 provided a minimum acceptable living during pre war years. This was increased by about 20 per cent for a target figure in determining the family size. The optimum sizes that are calculated to yield an average income of approximately $1,400 (prewar level) for the several land classes are as follows 1 Joint Investigations: The typical farm in the Pasco vicinity -- when the area is opened up - - is likely to be close to 100 acres, The rate of the development of the Basin area is of course dependent upon decisions of the U„ S. Congress, and the immediate outlook is for rapid development. During the last few years food shortages and a desire to aid veterans wanting land have added incentive for development. In fact, the tendency today may be toward a rate of settlement too rapid to be either economical or sound in the long run. Settlement makes large demands upon the Reclamation Service in the way of construction work, laying out and allotting farms, giving aid to new settlers, A rapid rate does not allow the Bureau to have a fairly even and ordered use of personnel. Such rapid development reduces their ability to aid settlers in their primary adjust ment problems. The Bureau of Reclamation’s policy is to provide possible consistent with a suitable standard of living. ' terior is directed by the Columbia Basin Project Act of 1939 to “segregate the lands in each irrigation block into farm units of sufficient acreage for the support of an average-sized family at a suitable living level, having in mind the character of soil, topography, location with respect to the irrigation system, and such other relevant factors as, in his judgment, enter into the determination of the area and boundaries thereof ...” -8- -9- The larger T ransportation TABLE 2 2 Land Class 1 2 3 4F 29 9 37.4 25. 9 6 8 Grapes for processing have been urgently needed to main tain the prewar level of production and to meet the expanding demand Class 1 and 2 lands--the best quality--represent 67 per cent of total irrigable land. This is considerably lower than for the Highlands where 90 per cent of the irrigable land is in the two top classifications. The larger area, however, compares very favorably to most sections of the Columbia Basin Project, The two cities are also on a river transportation point, With comple tion of McNary Dam slack water up to the mouth of the Snake with a channel controlling depth of nine feet will be created. If the program submitted by A part of this projected increase will offset the loss of irrigated land in Richland in 1943. An estimated 7,000 acres was removed by the Hanford Project Furthermore, it is expected that the McNary Dam, when completed, will reduce irrigable land by another 1,000 acres In fact, one of the strong est arguments advanced in justification of the development has been that it is needed to replace these areas A part of the prewar economy of Kenne wick was dependent on the full area There were sharp reductions in the supply of asparagus and soft fruits for shipment and processing of as much as 50 per cent. Grapes for processing have been urgently needed to main- If off-farm employment opportunities remain favorable, a considerable amount of part-time farming may be expected in the new area The effect of part-time farming on the population can be seen if the average size of present farms if projected for the new area --a population increase of at least 2,500. The opportunities for off-farm work should be relatively good An estimate of 1,500 is not unreasonable? Gross Amount of Irrigable Land in Columbia Basin Area Average Per Cent 6,262 7,838 5,423 1,438 No separate figure is indicated for cannery crops. Acreage for com mercial cannery and truck crops other than asparagus is expected to in crease from 148 to 1,265 acres. Undoubtedly more than half of this increase will be in cannery crops, At any rate, it is clear that farming in the area will be much more intensive than in most of the Basin. 1 This estimate is the writer’s. The Bureau of Reclamation does not indi cate any specific estimate except that of 1,100 Source: Bureau of Reclamation Project Planning Report No. 1 -535-1. Because of this high percentage of better land the type agriculture will likely.be much more intensive than in most parts of the Basin. The largest acreage planted to any single crop will likely be grapes. The Bureau of Re clamation estimates that grape acreage will constitute almost 25 per cent of the expanded acreage of the Division. This estimate was based largely on indications that the Church Grape Juice Company in 1945 was in a position to contract 3,000 to 4,000 additional acres. The land in the new area is, in general, favorable to the development of intensive crops The Bureau has used a four-fold classification of irri gable land based on soil fertility, topography and drainage The results of this classification are shown below market area of Kennewick and Pasco. The Bureau of Reclamation has indi cated that the addition of 16,693 acres will represent 365 new farms The average size of farm families in the Kennewick Highlands is 3.1 This aver age would mean an added population of a little over 1,100 people on 365 full- time farms. It is quite probable, however, that the number will be somewhat higher due to a considerable number of smaller farms, worked part time In the area already irrigated, the average size is only 19 2 acres, as com pared to 45 acres which the Bureau of Reclamation estimated for the new area in 1945-46. The average farm in the present area is not sufficient to maintain an adequate standard of living Off-farm employment is essential General field crops will be more important on the new land. When the Bureau of Reclamation made its estimates it was assumed that the existing market would absorb all the fruit and truck crops which could be grown in the area. Consequently, the relative acreage of field crops would be approxi mately double that in the Highlands, and the production would serve as a basis for a considerable amount of dairying. It is possible that the expanded local and northwest markets may encourage some additional acreage in truck crops. Pasco and Kennewick are located at an important point on the trans portation system of the Pacific Northwest. Pasco is a division point on both the Spokane, Portland, and Seattle and the Northern Pacific Railways. These lines give the two cities direct connections with the three metropolitan com munities of the region. In addition, the Union Pacific Railway's line from Wallula to Yakima gives Kennewick rail connections at Pendleton with the transcontinental line of the Union Pacific between Portland and Chicago, through Boise. Branch lines of the three railroads connect the two cities with a large area in eastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. There is little question that Pasco and Kennewick have rail facili ties excelled only by the metropolitan communities. An examination of a rail road map provides sufficient proof of this. likely.be -10- -11- Richland and Hanford The most important single factor influencing the growth of Pasco and Kennewick has been and in all probability will in the forseeable future con tinue to be the Hanford project. Up to now the presence of Hanford has been most keenly felt in the fields of housing and community services, including retail establishments and traffic. A large amount of this impact appears to be temporary. Once the present wave of construction work has subsided and housing facilities are provided in Richland for all who are eligible and de sire to live there, and community facilities are made adequate, much of the present strain on the two cities will be removed, This, of course, is based on the assumption that no new large expansion program is undertaken. For reasons quite obvious, it is difficult to project the future influence of the Hanford project on any other assumptions. Information is restricted, scientific developments move at a rapid pace in directions difficult to predict, and there is the final question of policy decisions in the federal government. The questions of policy decisions in regard to Richland are probably of just as great importance as are those concerning the Hanford project itself At the present time the Atomic Energy Commission has under consideration a “Master Plan” for the future policies in regard to Richland. Whatever plan is ultimately followed, it will have important implications for the two cities. The importance of water transportation to Pasco and Kennewick will be greatly enhanced if joint and through rail-water freight rates are established by the Interstate Commerce Commission under the Dennison Act of 1928, This act permits the Commission to set rates on application for rail-water and water-rail hauls which are lower than the sum of the rate to port and the rail rate from port of interior point. Joint rates have been extended to two miles of rail freight for each mile of water freight. An application for such rates is now pending. If the application is acted upon favorably, there is little question that there would be sharp increase in river traffic, Pasco and Kennewick would become an important transshipment point Wheat from an area stretching across into Montana, Idaho, and Oregon would funnel into the cities. Also, those products which are moved economically to coast points by ocean freight could be shipped through Pasco and Kennewick 1 Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers, U S. Army, Part 2, 1937-42. Given in summary form in the Economic Base for Power Markets in Benton and Franklin Counties, Washington. Bonneville Power Administration -- November 1945. o See remarks by Col Theron D Weaver, C E U S. A. Division Engineer North Pacific Division before Inland Empire Waterways Association, Lewiston, Idaho, December 15, 1948 (mimeographed). Copies of this, which highlights "308”, have been available in both Walla Walla and Portland offices of the Corps of Engineers, The availability of a large all-weather airport in Pasco and the in clusion of Pasco on regional air routes may become an important factor in the growth of the cities. With no large civilian airport available in Richland, Pasco logically becomes the center of air transportation for the area; but if air transportation becomes a factor in economic location, both cities will be aided. In its present state the location adds and probably will add more in the future to employment. Possibly 75 to 100 families will eventually be de pendent on the airport and airlines for employment. Traffic on the river will continue to be chiefly petroleum products and wheat, Bulk materials which do not require rapid transportation usually make up the chief classes of freight, Sometimes building materials, sugar and canned goods move by water. It is quite possible, however, that the in creases in rail freight rates during the past three years will encourage more water freight for commodities with higher values per pound, A part of the increase in traffic which will come in the next few years will influence Pasco and Kennewick, Grain storage and eventually flour milling will probably be one influence. Not all the increase in grain storage, however, will go to Pasco or Kennewick. Other ports will also be benefited Another may be building materials for construction work in the Columbia Basin. The improvement of the Snake River will increase the volume of traffic passing through Pasco and Kennewick and thereby increase the em ployment possibilities in repairing and maintenance of equipment This development does, however, open the possibility of new ports on the Snake River competing with Pasco and Kennewick as transshipment points For example, one person interviewed pointed to Central Ferry as transshipment center for wheat originating in Whitman and Spokane counties the Corps of Engineers in Report 308 as revised this year becomes a part of the national policy, the most serious impediment to barge transportation -- the Celilo rapids and locks will be eliminated, This will make efficient barge transportation from the two cities to Portland and other points possi ble. The long-range development also calls for improvements and dams on the Snake to permit year around water transportation as far inland as Lewis ton. The Channel improvements made during the 20’s resulted in a tre mendous increase in tonnage passing through locks to the mouth of the Snake River. The flow of traffic increased from 143 tons in 1936 to 391,867 tons in 1941.1 Petroleum products -- fuel oil and gasoline -- have been the most important products in upstream traffic and wheat in downstream traffic. The upstream traffic has been far greater than the downstream traffic This lack of balance between shipment downstream and upstream makes operating costs higher. If conversion units can be placed on tankers to make down stream shipments of grain practical, lower rates on wheat and oil shipments might result. 1 -12- -13- Kennewick.Wholesaling would tend to locate in either Pasco or4. 5. 6. 1 1 2. The expansion may in time bring trade to Richland from Pasco and Kennewick. area will not be large enough to on a year-around basis. The quantity in any one permit economical processing The presence of large stockyards and packing plants at Portland, Seattle and Spokane, which already draw on the area for supplies. The expansion of retail outlets in Richland will bring a sharp curtailment of buying by Richland residents in Pasco and Kennewick stores. The population growth in the area and the resulting increase in retail trade provides a basis for an expanding wholesale trade. On the basis of observations of recent developments at the present, the following points pertinent to estimates of future development of Pasco and Kennewick may be set forth in tentative fashion 3. 2. Will there be any processing industries located in Pasco-Kennewick? Most persons think that there will be. The original joint investigations in clude an estimate of potential butter fat production -- 3,400 pounds per day 1. As the production of the area increases, these communities will be the location of food processing industries and sources of supplies, such as feed and farm machinery, as well as consumer goods. For example, it is esti mated that 10 to 16 creameries will be needed for dairy processing through out the area. Four or more sugar beet processing plants will probably be needed, Also, there may be some fruit and vegetable processing, seed cleaning and shipping plants. The location of these various processing plants will reflect the types of farming in the various sections. It is not likely, however, that a large proportion of the processing will be located at Pasco or any other single point Most processing is done close to the source of supply because of the perishability of the product, and the cost of transport ing bulky raw materials . If the housing shortage becomes much less acute in Pasco and Kennewick and if prices of new homes are considered more favorably, some Richland and Hanford employees may be expected to live in Kennewick. This might go as high as 5 to 7 per cent Most of this would be concentrated in Kennewick Local manufacturing will tend to go into either Pasco or Kennewick. for the Pasco slope and 3,000 pounds for the nearby part of the eastern up lands This quantity would support one butter plant or from 1 to 4 cheese plants, depending on their size This estimate was made prior to the pheno menal population growth in the Tri-City area In all probability, this ex pansion of the market for fresh milk will encourage greater milk production in the area. Although Eastern Washington now faces a shortage of fluid milk due to fewer milch cows and expanding population, the area near Pasco will probably not be a supply area for communities other than Pasco, Kenne wick, and Richland Other parts of the Basin nearer the major markets will probably meet this need when the area is fully developed. Consequently, it is quite likely that Pasco and Kennewick will be a location for a butter plant. If the estimates cited above are realized, one plant would be capable of handling the supply. Economies are closely related to volume of production To spread the supply among too many plants would result in inefficiency and even bankruptcy There will be small local slaughter houses, possibly one in Pasco, to meet local needs Surplus livestock will probably be shipped out of the area liveweight,, Seed cleaning and shipping is frequently mentioned by people as a possible enterprise for Pasco Transportation of the field run seed is not such an important factor in costs It is an industry which is being mechanized to an increasing extent The average plant employs, usually, less than 50 people, including shipping labor and clerks. Location of one or more plants would not alter greatly the employment pattern of the city. Meat packing has been mentioned as a possible enterprise for Pasco and Kennewick It is true that there will be a considerable increase in livestock numbers in the area The estimate in joint investigations for all classes of animals is 885,000 head per year This, however, does not seem sufficient reason to expect the development of a meat packing industry in the area for the following reasons; 1 There may also be some tendency toward suburban development in the areas around Richland in the direction of Kennewick. Some indication of this may be seen from the fact that almost one-third of Pasco and Kenne wick residents who want new homes would prefer to locate outside the cities Another possibility is sugar beet processing plants. This development is almost completely dependent on the production of sugar beets in the immedi ate area. A plant requires a minimum of 11,000 acres of beets for economi cal production. It is usually considered advantageous to have this acreage with a 25 mile radius to keep hauling costs low This fact alone might dis courage location in Pasco-Kennewick area The mild climate, however, might reduce risk of loss of stored beets after harvest On this fact rests 1 -15--14- There In the years just prior to the World War II, in a weak position This I 1 It is frequently stated that if frozen foods were handled by almost all re tail outlets, the added volume would cut costs to a point where competition with canned goods would be much closer. Long Range Agricultural Policy; A Study of Selected Trends and Factors Relating to the Long-Range Prospect for American Agriculture, Committee on Agriculture, U. S. House of Representatives, March, 1948, The second factor is the availability of reliable seasonal labor at low wage rates. Wage rates in agricultural processing industries as a whole are lower than in other industries When employment opportunities are good in other industries, the wage differentials may make it extremely diffi cult for a low wage industry to secure adequate labor. In 1944, for example, the average wage in Benton and Franklin counties during the third quarter reported by Employment Security Department was $116 per month for food products -- the lowest -- and $398 for construction -- the highest. The average wage for those covered by the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1944 was $337. The difference between the average wage in the food industry and that for all covered industries is largely accounted for by the seasonal labor. To fill this large seasonal labor requirement, the processors fre quently rely on married female labor It is certainly open to question whether an expanded fruit and vegetable processing industry could secure enough labor today in view of the high yzage rates in the area. Although other em ployment opportunities for married women have not kept pace with opportuni ties for male labor, the high wage structure may have reduced the desire for supplementary family income. Even when the employment at Hanford and Richland is greatly reduced and wages resume their normal relationships to wage rates in other Pacific Northwest communities, possible recurrence of construction and expansion programs may be a part of the risk involved in plant location. Some well-informed persons in Pasco and Kennewick have suggested that the development of Hanford has eliminated the possibility of successful fruit and vegetable processing except in the case of grape juice, where unique conditions combine to at least partially offset the unfavorable wage picture. are certain factors of special significance in the location of a fruit and vegetable processing industry in the Pasco-Kennewick area. The location of a plant should not be based on the presence of periodic and fluc tuating surpluses of fruits and vegetables from the fresh market. The price of fruit and vegetables going into processing is significantly lower than that for fresh market produce. A sustained supply, usually under contract arrangement with growers, has been found necessary for continued success ful operation in this field. This means that full-scale fruit processing, other than the already existent enterprise, will not come for several years after the new irrigation areas are opened. The canning process itself is highly seasonal while the dis tribution of canned goods is spread throughout the year, makes the financing of production and the storage of products important factors in the trade. Financing of production often involves the financing by the canner of farmers who produce the products canned. Especially in vegetable canning, this The canning trade has also been in some confusion during the past few years. The per capita consumption of canned fruits and vegetables in 1946 was approximately one-third above the prewar level. To what extent this increase constitutes a long-range change in dietary habits and a shift from home canning and to what extent it reflects higher consumer income is not clear, During the early depression years, consumption declined somewhat and then increased fairly consistently until the war After ration ing controls were listed in 1945, consumption reached the highest levels in history a possibility of a sugar beet plant If such a plant is located in the area, it will likely be outside the cities. Quite frequently the plants are located close to farms and are at least partially dependent upon local farmers for plant labor , Much of the work comes after harvest,, Fruit and vegetable processing is another potential industry for Pasco and Kennewick, from fruit and vegetable production in Columbia Basin north west and northeast of Pasco and in the expanded Kennewick division of the Yakima Project. A single line cannery can probably be operated efficiently if it has a minimum of 70 to 80 acres of vegetables, such as carrots and tomatoes. It may require more than 1,000 acres of lima beans. Other fruits and vegetables are largely within these limits, It seems very likely that such supplies will be obtainable, but several other factors may discourage fruit and vegetable processing, at least for the next few years. A third factor which should be born in mind is the increasing capital and credit requirements in the industry. The Federal Trade Commission has indicated that the small independent canner is frequently to meet these credit demands and the risk, It says; The general picture for processed fruits and vegetables has been quite unsettled in recent years. In the years just prior to the World War II, and during that war, the increase in the consumption of frozen fruits and vegetables was tremendous. This increase is partly the result of improved production and distribution techniques and partly the result of the higher level of consumer incomes. Unquestionably, there have been many consumers shifting from lower cost canned and fresh produce to frozen foods, which are relatively expensive. Because this development has not gone through a period of low incomes, it is impossible to estimate the future levels of the frozen food industry. During recent years there have been large inven tories of frozen foods late in the spring, with frequent sales of distress mer chandise Some of this represents the poor selection of items to freeze and some of it probably indicates that without a considerable expansion of the outlets 1 the supply has already reached the saturation point.. -16- -17- produced in the areas closer by water during this period, rail. Consequently, a transit has advantages over Pacific Northwest were were primarily by ___________ I water The bulk of shipments to markets outside of the Intra-regional shipments location which is favorable to both rail and other points. privilege granted millers by railroads. It is essen- basis for freight charges so that : of flour out are to be con- can be brought in for blending. The Freight Rate Structure and Its Effect on the Price State College of Washington, 1945, 1 Lewis D. Cannell: and Movement of Northwest Wheat. p. 57. In the first place, the two cities are at an important rail point The rail lines which come into the cities cover the important wheat areas of the Northwest. The Northern Pacific Railway; Spokane, Portland, and Seattle Railway; and the Union Pacific Railroad can bring wheat into the cities from the dry farming areas of eastern Washington and Northern Oregon and the Palouse area Also, more distant areas are reached and types of flour not Kennewick is in a slightly more favorable location on this count, by virtue of the Yakima Branch of the Union Pacific. Wheat originating in areas served only by the Union Pacific would have to be switched into Pasco via the Northern Pacific. Also, Kennewick is within trucking distance from the Horse Heaven Hills, an area which is not completely servecf by rail freight. Flour milling has been frequently suggested as an industry for either Pasco or Kennewick. Ever since the Pillsbury Flour Mills purchased a site location in Kennewick, attention has been focused on the two cities as a milling point There is little question that Pasco and especially Kennewick is one of the most favorable points for milling in the region Milling-in-transit privileges are important in intra-regional shipping. Milling-in-transit is a privilege granted millers by railroads. It is tially a legal construction which furnishes a ' the shipment of wheat into the mill and shipment sidered one haul. For example, if milling-in-transit privileges were granted Pasco and Kennewick, a miller could receive wheat shipped from Moscow, Idaho, and ship flour to Seattle at the through rate from Moscow to Seattle. Such a rate would be considerably lower than the sum of the rates from Mos cow to Pasco and from Pasco to Seattle. Both cities are favorably located for shipment of flour out -- either east or west. This is due to the presence of water transportation, freight rate structures, and the milling in transit privilege. During prewar years, export shipments of wheat and flour constituted a large proportion of the total shipments outside the Pacific Northwest. Representatives of the canning industry, in discussing the distribution of canned goods, and especially the weak position of the small canner in marketing his product to advantage, de clared that in recent years there has been a distinct decrease in the quantity of canned fruits and vegetables that can be sold on firm orders for future delivery. This, they explained, has developed because buyers, in pursuit of minimum inventories, have adopted hand-to-mouth buying to increasing extent, thus forcing *-he canner or middleman to whom he may sell to store and carry the goods until sold With other factors tending to create a buyers’ market, orders not only have become smaller and more frequent, but the order for future delivery has fre quently become little more than an option of the buyer to take goods, if he wished, at whatever market price prevailed when he ordered them shipped The potential of Pasco and Kennewick for flour milling is greatly en hanced by the water transportation. Roughly one-half of the shipments to markets outside the region during the 1930’s were flour. It is likely that Although milling-in-transit privileges are customarily granted to all milling points to equalize freight costs, a milling point in the vicinity of Pasco and Kennewick might have special advantage in that the transit pri vileges could be used to ship in any direction. Wheat would be moving into the mill from many points, giving transit balances to reduce freight costs on flour and mill feed moving both east and west. Out of conditions such as these have grown certain trade practices of particular importance to small canners. One is the sale of quantities of each year’s pack at, or soon after, the canning season, for delivery as needed by the purchaser. Another is the practice of brookers in financing the individual canner's operation, and loan becoming a lien on the canner’s stock of finished goods takes the form of advancing credit to growers to insure the pro duction of desired acreages, and the furnishing of seeds or seed lings of particular varieties of vegetables to obtain uniformity of size, color and quality of produce In addition, the canner must provide working capital for supplies, wages, and other costs in volved in canning and packing goods for sale and shipment. The small local canner often is in a weak position to meet these re quirements and assume the risk of crop failure which may dis rupt his plans. Larger canners, operating in several producing areas, tend to spread the risk in the sense that loss from a crop failure in one area may be offset by successful operations in other areas. The estimates given in the table below were secured by Lewis D. Cannell from several sources and cannot be taken as absolute measures? They do, however, indicate the relative importance of the three types of markets for Pacific Northwest wheat and flour. -18- -19- This would be The total TABLE 3 of 1948. Estimates_of Disposition of Pacific Northwest Wheat and Flour striking. Between 1900 Year 1930- 31 1931- 32 1932- 33 1933- 34 1934- 35 1935- 36 1936- 37 1937- 38 1938- 39 1939- 40 103,916 95,696 96,391 107,644 89,716 91,353 93,645 95,531 111,675 93,523 Used as Food or feed in region 29,833 29,650 30,526 30,310 33,018 48,562 53,022 44,022 36,005 38,793 Carry over June 30 25,675 14,371 33,270 26,880 17,107 15,193 10,239 16,218 19,314 17,775 13,632 17,805 21,023 25,440 31,736 27,035 21,897 21,660 13,252 18,959 48,477 48,171 12,264 29,892 8,051 2,888 14,975 23,492 44,531 24,036 Total Supply carry-over July 1 Production in-shipments no gen- New mills will > more Domestic Shipments Exports increase in the population : same as it was 20 per capita a reduction of 33 per cent in 40 years. of this change offsets the effects of an i consumption of wheat for food today is approximately the years ago. The Department of Agriculture estimates that the per capita consumption of wheat may increase slightly by 1965, over the very low level the water rates would be somewhat lower than rail rates, especially true if joint rail-water rates are established. Exports of wheat and flour during the late war years and the postwar years reached the highest levels in history as a result of the various foreign aid programs of the federal government. The magnitude of these shipments is declining and will continue to decline. Without large programs of foreign aid, the foreign demand will probably decline to a level somewhat above the lowest point of the 1930’s but far below recent levels. If the United States becomes signatory to the International Wheat Agreement, the figure would be raised greatly. Even the most optimistic hopes for a revival of inter national trade in wheat and flour do not envisage a return to the high level of total wheat and flour sales of the early 20’s. On the basis of these trends, it is safe to say that there will be eral trend of expansion in milling capacity in this country. I7_.. —.Ill be built, but new construction will be either replacement or shifts to efficient locations. There is no impending shortage which requires immedi ate action. Creation of milling capacity in Pasco and Kennewick could be due to either of these factors. If the mill owner believes that the savings in transportation costs will offset the losses involved in closing a mill which is not completely depreciated and higher costs of amortization on a plant The decline in flour consumption is even more striking. Between 1900 and 1939 per capita flour consumption declined from 230 pounds to 154 pounds -- For many years the milling industry has been characterized by a tre mendous excess capacity. Not even during the war when the demand for flour mills was greatly increased to meet the needs of the armed forces could the capacity of flour mills be considered as a controlling factor in supplying this demand. There was plenty of milling capacity to meet the increased demands except for very brief periods. The trend in the number of mills operating is in part a reflection of this state. The Bureau of the Census reported 11,691 mills operating in 1909 and only 2,143 in 1939. The smaller mills tended to drop out, Small mills wearing out or burning down were frequently not replaced. There has been a gradual decline in the consumption of wheat for many years. The per capita consumption in 1947 was the lowest on record. Domestic demand of wheat for food dropped from 3.95 bushels in 1930 to less than 3.50 bushels in 1947 --a reduction of 12 per cent. The magnitude The potential of Pasco and Kennewick for flour milling is greatly en hanced by the water transportation, Roughly one-half of the shipments to markets outside the region during the 1930’s were flour. It is likely that the water rates would be somewhat lower than rail rates. This would be especially true if joint rail-water rates are established. In spite of these locational factors favoring a milling point at Pasco and Kennewick, the immediate construction of a mill in either city does not seem probable. The present outlook for expansion in the milling industry is not very bright. This is due to the excess milling capacity, chaotic condi tions in the export market, especially the Chinese market, and a declining per capita consumption of flour in this country. The export market for American wheat and flour declined drastically during the 1930’s. In 1930 and 1931 our exports of wheat and flour were around 120,000,000 bushels each year; in 1935, the comparable figure was only 7,096,000 bushels. Although exports recovered substantially in 1937 under the impetus of government programs, the average for the decade was below that of the 20’s. Exports from the Pacific Northwest during the 30’s were only one-third as large as the exports during the 20’s, Although milling-in-transit privileges are customarily granted to all milling points to equalize freight costs, a milling point in the vicinity of Pasco and Kennewick might have special advantage in that the transit privi leges could be used to ship in any direction. Wheat would be moving into the mill from many points, giving transit balances to reduce freight costs on flour and mill feed moving both east and west. -20- -21- Whole sale and Retail Trade pending upon the bulkiness and sales volume of the important question is whether the expanded retail and wholesale IUI The reason cities is easy to see mic system cannot carry er or processor a favorable location for wholesaling and . The Pasco and Kennewick are < - - - c warehousing of other types of consumer goods and farm equipment. Pacific Northwest is a deficit area for most types of consumer goods other Consequently, there is a heavy shipment of from the East by rail. Spokane is the largest .. Some of this freight could storage and re-shipment to Pacific Northwest is < than food and farm equipment these goods into the area f receiving point in the eastern part of the State, move on directly to Pasco and Kennewick for : points having lower truck and rail freight rates from Pasco-Kennewick than from Spokane, Seattle, or Portland. The carlot rates are the same to all of these points from eastern points. For example, it would be more econo mical in terms of freight to move farm machinery from midwest produc tion centers to Pasco and transship to'Connel by truck or rail than to trans ship to Spokane. The area in which Pasco has a freight advantage extends to the vicinity of Lind to the northeast, Wenatchee in the northwest, and for the concentration of wholesale business in the large if the place and functions of the wholesaler in our econo- are understood In many lines of merchandising the retailer sufficient inventories to allow purchasing from the manufactur- in large quantities such as carlots . He might not sell a There is little question that the population increase is and will probably continue to result in more retail establishments and enlargement of existing facilities. A minimum Tri-City population of 35,000 to 40,000 people is more than enough for a complete trade center for consumer goods. Whereas now the evidence points to some retail trade going to Yakima, Walla Walla, and even to Spokane, Seattle and Portland, within a few years this trade will un doubtedly be concentrated within the local area. Moreover, with this imme diate base, the concentration of retail establishments in the Tri-City area will be sufficient to compete with other cities for a larger rural market area. __ >. In the Pacific Northwest, Portland, ‘ : account for the bulk of the wholesale trade. In 1939, the wholesale trade for these four cities represented more than three- fourths the total for the two states, In the same year, Yakima, Walla Walla, and Wenatchee were the only other wholesaling centers east of the Cascades Pasco and Kennewick are favorably located for some types of whole sale operations, including branch warehousing. With a population of over 100,000 in the area which could be served, there would probably be sufficient market for dry grocery, produce, meat wholesaling, and paper products. Delivery costs would be less from Pasco or Kennewick than from either Yakima or Walla Walla. It is quite likely that this development would take the form of branches of wholesale establishments already in operation Dur ing the past 15 years there has been a definite trend toward consolidation The entrance of one large regional wholesaler into Pasco during the past year is probably indicative of the type which might be expected in the future carlot of any one line during several seasons. Furthermore, he usually must carry merchandise of several manufacturers.. Wholesaling has devel oped to meet this need by purchasing in large quantities, maintaining a fair ly large inventory, and breaking up these purchases into lots small enough for retailers to handle. The largest retailers, including chain stores, usually buy direct from the processor, but they maintain warehouses to service a considerable number of retail outlets. In recent years, there has been a trend toward more integration of the wholesale function with manufacturing and processing. More and more manufacturers are establishing branch warehouses to provide sources of supply convenient to retailers. This has been customary in meat distri bution for some time. Sales to retailers are shipped from the branch ware house. Drug companies and paper products, for example, frequently main tain this type of distribution outlet. The important question is whether tne expanueu retail ana wnuicome sales in the area will result in the location of significant wholesale business in the area. The location of wholesale houses is concentrated in the largest cities. The ten largest cities of the country account for nearly one-half of the wholesale trade, Cities with less than 50,000 population probably account for no more than 10 per cent of the trade Seattle, Tacoma, and Spokane <----------------- The location of agricultural processing industries, with a few excep tions, is largely determined by the availability and costs of raw materials and labor supply. On the other hand, the distributive trades are influenced greatly by the size of the population and its income level. Retail trade follows population shifts almost automatically. If the population and income of an area increase sharply, it is safe to say that retail sales will go up at approximately the same rate and employment will follow. Wholesale sales are not as closely related to population, but the linkage is much closer than between wholesale sales and the size of the area. built at this time, then he might build. Present construction costs, however, act as a deterrent to building a new plant, High construction costs would in fluence milling costs over a long period of years and therefore offset to some degree any savings accruing from the favorable transportation facilities The tendency, however, is to wait for lower construction costs. Eventually Pasco and especially Kennewick may become a milling point when costs are reduced, as mills elsewhere become fully depreciated, or are destroyed, and if the export market improves. A market must be large to make this operation of quantity buying and selling in smaller lots feasible, If the market is small, the wholesaler finds his position in buying little better than a retailer, and his turnover will be very slow, thus increasing his costs. The size of a market needed for suc cessful wholesaling varies from one line of merchandising to another, de- ’ J - ■................ - - ------- — merchandise -23--22- TABLE 4 County 599 1,392 2.4 386 2,026 5.2 1,241 2,290 7,820 14,261 2,119 5,503 12,057 27,784 1,169 2,538 8,342 15,274 2,291 5,425 12,727 29,415 2.0 2, 1 1.5 19 1.7 2.2 1.5 2.0 Benton and Franklin Walla Walla, Asotin Columbia, Garfield Yakima Spokane Eastern Washington Average Employment in Wholesale and Retail Trade for Selected Periods in Various Washington Counties . minimum assumption of wholesaling. That no greater concentration of wholesaling For reasons indicated above, it Although both Pasco and Kennewick will probably experience an ex pansion of warehousing and wholesaling, Kennewick’s expansion will be greater in the warehousing and transportation of locally produced agricultur al commodities, because of its location relative to the larger area of fruit and vegetable production for both processing and the fresh market. This function is already well developed in Kennewick. The probable increase in fruits and vegetables for the fresh market will make Kennewick an assembly, grading, packaging, and shipping point. Also, warehousing and trucking for canned and frozen fruits and vegetables will expand with the processing in dustry. On the other hand, Pasco is likely to increase as the wholesaling center. Rail and truck connections to both the major sources of supply and These figures are based on a is, that Pasco and Kennewick have : _ ____ __ .. than does Walla Walla at the present time. For reasons indicated above, it is quite likely that the area will become relatively more important in whole saling and warehousing than is indicated by the size of the population in the immediate area. Note that the ratio for Spokane, the major wholesale center for Eastern Washington, is only 1.5 retail employees for each wholesale em ployee. As the population of the area expands, a lower ratio may be expect ed. Such development might lead to several hundred more jobs. slightly beyond Prosser to the west. The southern boundary of the potential trading area is not as clearly defined because there is no large wholesaling center in either eastern Oregon or central Idaho If the wholesale services develop in Pasco and Kennewick, there would be a large area to the south and southeast with a population approaching 100,000 which might be covered. The development of Umatilla, however, might in time lead to the growth of whole saling in Pendleton, There is also a likelihood that Pasco and Kennewick may develop more and more as a warehousing point in the distribution of consumer and industrial goods. Several possibilities in this field are especially important. Chain stores, mail order houses, and variety stores frequently have centrally located warehouses to service their stores in surrounding areas. Large inventories may be kept at these points to provide for the immediate needs of the outlets. This frequently can be done without sacrificing through freight rates, by securing the storage in transit privilege For example, a chain having out lets in Yakima, Portland, and Seattle could warehouse merchandise in Pasco or Kennewick and move it on short notice to outlet points at the through rates. It is obvious that the rail routes make Pasco and Kennewick a point for this type of operation, Many large manufacturers either maintain their own warehouses or make use of public warehouses to provide “spot" stocks to meet immediate needs, Frequently, branch offices consist of no more than a sales staff, Orders are filled from the centrally located warehouse. As the population and industrial activity of the Pacific Northwest ex pands, there will be an increasing need for greater storage facilities and larger wholesale service More specifically, the population increase in Ben ton and Franklin counties will call for an expansion of these in the Tri-City Area. The wholesale and warehouse function has not kept up with the expan sion of retailing which has taken place. A comparison of employment fi gures for Benton and Franklin counties with those of the three cities having important wholesale trade in eastern Washington shows this lag. The data in the following table are taken from the published reports of the Employ ment Security Department of "Employment and Payrolls in Washington State by Area and by Industry. Industries Covered by the Unemployment Compen sation Act.” These reports contain the clarifications of Transportation and Allied Industries, Wholesale Trade and Wholesale and Retail Trade Com bined (not elsewhere classified), The first of these is largely warehousing and trucking except in the largest cities, Railroad labor is excluded. For comparisons the three classifications are combined below, It will be noted that employment in the wholesale trades in Benton and Franklin counties has lagged behind the sharp increase in the retail trade, Assuming that the population of 1947 is no greater than may be expected as a long term stable population, a ratio of close to one person in wholesale trade to every two employed in retail trade might be expected During the fourth quarter of 1947, the populations of Walla Walla area (including Asotin, Columbia, and Garfield counties) and of Benton and Franklin counties were Fourth Quarter 1947 ___Average Wholesale Retail Ratio Fourth Quarter 1946 _______Average Wholesale Retail Ratio nearly equal. The retail employment figures were also quite close. The wholesale employment in Benton and Franklin counties was far lower. Gra dually, wholesale employment figures should build up to a similar ratio Such a ratio would mean an increase of 400 jobs over the level of the fourth quarter of 1946. A population of 65,000 in the two counties -- close to the present figure -- might mean an additional 3 50 jobs. -24- -25- TABLE 5 Type of Retail Total 1,459 1,230 2,019 Retail Trade 1. 2. The figures below 3. Ill' 184 150 151 62 535 68 309 214 185 224 79 836 96 385 192 161 194 51 491 68 273 Employment in Retail Establishments Benton and Franklin Counties 1946 - 1948 Fourth Quarter 1946 Second Quarter 1947 Fourth Quarter 1947 In the preceding paragraphs o > have been The influences of these factors may be summarized with their General Merchandise Food and Liquor Store Automotive Apparel and Accessories Eating and Drinking Places Filling Stations Other better from Pasco,. A larger Wheat storage for The development of the Columbia Basin within the next fifteen to twenty years will bring an additional 3,000 people within the immediate trading area of Pasco and Kennewick. The two cities are likely to be the secondary or metropolitan area for most of Franklin County with an increase of 7,000 to 8,000 people, These two phases will probably support an additional population of 3,000 in the two cities in the wholesale and retail trades, processing and shipping of agricultural products and business and professional services. The over-all increase in employment in retail establishments corres ponds quite closely to the increase in population. This increase, however, has been much greater in eating and drinking places, automotive, and filling stations. The other types of retailers have lagged behind the expanding population, The expansion of population in the two counties has provided a market for a growing wholesale trade, Without any further increase in the area’s population there is a possibility for 400 jobs and a population increase of 1,200 people. the larger part of the potential market are available for expansion of warehouse facilities. j a notable exception to this division. Expansion of both sides of the river is almost a certainty. The figures below are for the two counties together. Pasco and Kenne wick retail establishments have expanded greatly as the result of the growth in Richland and North Richland. The pattern of retailing in the Tri-City Area cannot be expected to continue as it has existed during the past 18 months. It is the intention of the store expansion in Richland to reduce the dependency of the Richland shoppers on Pasco and Kennewick stores To the extent that present plans materialize and become effective, retailers in Pasco and Kennewick will have reduced sales. Conclusions as to Population Increase, T x_ the various factors relating to the possible population changes examined. rn1 ’ ✓ ~ indicated effects on population increase as follows; This change in retailing is in sharp contrast to wholesaling. The post-construction adjustment probably will not require an increase in the total employment in this field; rather, it will probably bring increases in selected lines, such as food and general merchandise including clothing. This does not take into account the increases which have already been men tioned as the results of the expanding market in the trading area. to area is shipment to ports will be grain storage on 1----------- It should be pointed out, however, that location of these various whole saling and warehousing functions is tied in part to the local highway facili ties and to future plans in Richland. If a highway and bridge system is developed which makes Pasco and Kennewick equally accessible from both sides of the river it would tent to shift the centers of economic activity -- retail and wholesale -- toward the center of the area. If Richland’s policy shifts away from its policy of maintaining only enterprises directly related to the needs of the Richland people as consumers, some of the expansion of wholesaling and warehousing indicated above might go to Richland rather than Pasco or Kennewick, although this appears very unlikely at the present time. The retail trade in Benton and Franklin counties has expanded rapidly to meet the needs of a growing population. The expansion has not been equal for different types of retailing. The changes which have taken place between 1946 and the latest Census estimates (1948) are seen in the table below., Further development of the irrigated lands in the Kennewick Division of the Yakima Project will bring 365 additional farms. This will represent an additional population of 1,300 in the Pasco-Kennewick trading area. This is weighting part-time farming by .5. Applying a similar ratio of city population to new farm population an increase of between 1,000 and 1,300 is indicated for Pasco and Kennewick. -26- -27- 4. as a 7. 5. TABLE 6 Population Trends in Benton and Franklin Counties 1940 1947 1948 18,360 65,000 - 75,000* * Estimate 6. is not likely to be of great importance after 1952. above should be applied to the population in 1947. 3,913 1,918 5,831 8,000 5,500 13,500 8,000 6,800 14,800 anufacturing An increase i field com- Pasco Kennewick Two City Total Benton and Franklin Counties saling, wa Columbia Basin, division points finished goods through Spokane. In addition there are many families who have moved to Pasco and Kennewick during the past five years who expect to stay for at least two more years and possibly permanently. From the survey it is estimated that 58 per cent of this group are Although there is likely to be specialization between Pasco and Kenne wick, there is no clear cut reason for stating that the population increase will be greater for one city than the other. Much of the agricultural processing is likely to come in Kennewick. Pasco may be slightly better located for whole- rehousing and transshipment because of its location relative to the on the rail system and to major shipment of H ! 'll Population data for Pasco and Kennewick in recent years are found in the table above. Projection of the trends as indicated by the trend from 1947 to 1948 is dangerous. The increase between these two dates is to a large ex tent the result of expanded construction activity in Richland and Hanford which The increases indicated j ' .In spite of this, there will x j permanent population in Kennewick who work in Richland,. If real estate values in Pasco and Kennewick suffer a sharp decline there would be increased incentive for Richland residents to live in the two cities. Employment in local manufacturing other than food proces sing will increase gradually with the growing population of the region. There seems to be no basis at the present time for assuming that there will be any large-scale m< in Pasco and Kennewick in the immediate future, of 150 jobs might be expected in the durable goods mensurate with the increase in total population. The direct influence of employment opportunities in Richland and Hanford is difficult to estimate. Undoubtedly there are many families now living in Richland who, at present, believe they prefer to live outside that city; the most frequently suggested reason for desiring to move is the desire for home ownership. Approximately 7 per cent of the Richland house holds returning questionnaires indicated that they would like to live in Kennewick if they could find suitable housing. This cannot be interpreted as meaning that 7 per cent will even tually move. Some of those who say they would like to move will change their minds when they begin to figure the outlay for down payment, the risks involved in ownership, the costs of commuting to jobs, etc. In spite of this, there will probably be a i It is clear that the final decisions on highway and bridge location could be a powerful influence on the growth of the two cities. This is especially true in regard to wholesale and retail trade in consumer goods. The city which has the better access to the immediate market will have the advantage The favorable rail and water transportation facilities may gradually make Pasco and Kennewick an important accumula tion, distribution, and transshipment center with a large ware housing business. This development would be encouraged greatly by the establishment of joint rates for the railroads, truck lines and barge lines connecting at the two cities and by various transit privileges of the rail companies for that point. Undoubtedly, the willingness of community interests to provide adequate public warehousing facilities would be another im portant factor. This whole development might eventually add as much as 1,000 jobs to the two cities. This would mean an increase in population of around 3,500 people. Such an in crease, however, is not to be expected immediately. It may come only gradually over a period of many years. A figure of 300 jobs is an estimate given in the Bonneville study for the two counties. If this number of jobs materializes some 900 to 1,000 people might be added to the population. inclined to stay, representing about 15 per cent of the total population. Such a figure would mean an increase in popula tion over the 1940 figure of at least 2,000. If we take 1947 base date, a figure of 1,000 to 1,500 seems reasonable. The results of the survey indicate little desire to live in Pasco. This differential is in part due to highway conditions. In time there may, of course, be a new bridge across the river in the vicinity of Richland and Pasco, and the area west of Pasco might become an important suburban residential alter native to Richland. This, at the present time, is pure con jecture. -28- CHAPTER II COMPOSITION OF AREATHE Background of Population Changes. 13,500 Population 1947 Increases 3,000 Due to thea. d. 700 e. 20,800 Total III b. c. f. g- materialize within A range from 17,000 increase of more than 200 Shortly after the April 1947 Census Estimate was made, a new con struction began at Hanford and a new wave of migrants appeared. Near the height of this latter population influx this survey was actually made. At the crest of the wave, the two cities probably contained between 19 and 23 thou sand people, with another 3 to 6 thousand in the Columbia Avenue Area. Pasco and Kennewick have been subjected to .such extensive popu lation fluctuations since the beginning of World War II that it is difficult to separate reasonable predictions in population trends on the one hand from rumor, wishful thinking, and ungrounded speculation on the other. In Part I of the analysis the economic factors which underlie and support future growth for these two cities were pointed out. An attempt was made to ana lyze future trends of the population through public opinion. These opinions concern what people think they will do relative to moving from, or remaining in, the Pasco-Kennewick area; and what they believe the people in the area as a whole will do relative to living in, or leaving, the area. Also included are the opinions concerning the size of the area and its growth or lack of growth. The 1940 Census for Benton and Franklin County showed the area is 60 per cent rural, Pasco and Kennewick, as trade centers, served this rural population. In addition, Pasco served as the rail outlet for a much wider area. At that time the combined population of the two cities was 5,831. As centers for an extensive farming area, and as an important rail center, the two communities had a firm economic base. With World War II there came the Pasco Naval Air Base, which involved a sharp temporary increase in population due to an influx of construction workers. Later a more perma nent, though still temporary, influx of persons serving the air base came, either as civilian or as military personnel. Following this development, in late 1943 and early 1944, a large number of construction workers were em ployed at the Hanford Engineering Works. Population reached its peak in late 1944. The decline became rather sharp after August 1945, and probably reached its minimum early in 1947. On April 1, 1947, the Washington State Census Board estimated the population of Pasco and Kennewick as 13,500. As of that date, the Naval Base had been dismantled and construction at Hanford Engineering Works was at a minimum. It is probable that the 13,500 esti mate for the two cities represents a new permanent increase of 133 per cent. Most of this is probably due directly or indirectly to the Hanford Engi neering Works. The agricultural base had shrunk somewhat from the 1940 level because some of the land, formerly irrigated for crop use, is now occupied by the Hanford Engineering Works. The total population if all of these developments the next fifteen years would be approximately 19,000. to 25,000 should be allowed. This represents an i____ per cent over the 1940 figure. Section 1; Size of the Population Manufacturing Services - Business and Professional Columbia Basin) Food Processing ) Shipping Kennewick irrigation area) Trade and Services 1,200 Wholesaling and transportation to meet present retail business 1,100 Expansion of wholesaling, accumulation, transr portation and warehousing Additional Richland permanent workers in Pasco and Kennewick 1,000 - 1,500 (1,200) 100 500 -30- 31- Qpinions Concerning Future Population Growth. the prospects of future gr’owth from An Estimate of Population Based TABLE 7 100.0 100.0 will grow faster than re festera ii; it in Pasco than in Kennewick for both new and old residents, are more optimistic than new white residents. Estimate of Future Size of Pasco and Kennewick 23.1 24.3 23.7 28.9 33.0 16.0 21.0 30.0 Pasco, would li i 1. 2. 3. 4. New Residents er cent) Railroad center Pasco has more room for Negroes Columbia Basin Irrigation Project Bigger shopping district The greater optimism of old residents is of the future size of the two cities, between 30,000 and 40,000. estimates below this figure: The area had another was estimated at 15,000 and August and September probably 10,000. '---- ----------- _ Pasco will grow Below 30,000 30,000 - 39,999 40,000 and above No estimate on Intentions to Leave. seen in their estimates The average of these estimates was The new residents, however, make many more The reasons most frequently cited for believing are as follows; Most residents view the prospects of future gr'owth from an opti mistic viewpoint. Nearly 80 per cent of the sample believed that the present increase will continue for the next five years. This optimism prevails among all groups; however, it is greatest among the Negroes. It is higher . ------ xt • r, ... . - residents One possible explanation of this difference is that the new residents who have recently lived in other cities are more critical of the factors which might lead to a great expansion of population. Estimates of Residents (Old and New) of Pasco-Kennewick Area of Future Size of Area The prevailing opinion is that Kennewick will grow faster than Approximately one third of the Pasco residents thought Kennewick grow faster, but only 17 per cent of the Kennewick residents thought Pasco would grow faster. In Part I, population estimates were predicted on the economic base of the two communities. The people interviewed were asked whether they intended to leave. From the estimates of the population as of August and September 1948 when the interviews were taken, an estimate can be made of what the future population of the area will be, based on the intentions of those living in the area at the time. It should be pointed out that; first, the Columbia Avenue Area had almost all of its increase during the war and immediate post-war period; second, the pre-war population of the area, that is, the two cities plus the Columbia Avenue Area, was roughly 6,000; third, at the time of the State Census in 1947, this population had increased to approximately 15,000. Data on the survey indicate that 29 per cent of the people who came to the area after the beginning of the War planned to leave. This group is estimated at 9,000. Of this 9,00Q approximately 2,600 will leave within a three-year period. Old Residents (per cent) (p In making future plans one must keep in mind that gains of early 1947 to late 1948 were largely transitory in nature as they were basically construction workers. For long time gains, the reasoning in regard to per manent industries used in Part I is much safer. In addition to the perma nent population gains from developments outlined in Part I, the two cities, probably for some years to come, will have temporary population fluctuations due to construction work at Hanford Engineering Works, Columbia Basin Area, and from the construction of dams either on the Columbia or its tri butaries. Planning for the future years should be in terms of permanent economic development, and not in terms of temporary construction activities. notable increase between April 1947, when the population was estimated at lt>,uuu ana august and. oepi-eniber 1948. This in crease was probably 10,000. This meant an increase from 15,000 to 25,000 for the area as a whole. The survey shows that, of the people who had come within a year before the study began, 43 per cent intended to leave. In other words, of the 10,0'00 who had come between 1947 and 1948, 4,300 would leave. By adding the 4,300 who had come between a year and five years prior to the survey and who were going to leave, we have a net loss figure of 6,900. Subtracting this from 25,000 estimated to be in the area during the survey, gives us a remainder of 18,000 who indicated they intended to main permanently. Those who conducted the survey believe the figure of 18,000 is realistic one. It might be called a minimum estimate compared to an aver age or “best” estimate of 20,800 to be found in Part I. The minimum esti mate of 18,000 should be regarded as an estimate of permanent population based on the estimated number of people who intend to keep their residence in the area. The decrease will be much more pronounced in the Columbia Avenue Area than in either Pasco or Kennewick. -31- -33- are as TABLE 8 Residents Feel about the Recent Rapid Growth?How Do Kennewick and Pasco 3.7 newcomers were not the old residents were identifying newcomers as Negroes. 36.7 32.8 34.9 35.0 37.0 34.0 35. 1 22.2 42.9 26.5 24.0 25.6 24.8 26.6 22.4 24.7 20.0 24.1 26.6 24.5 29.6 14.2 26.5 33.0 36.9 34.9 30.4 43.3 36.3 37.5 35.2 34.0 35.1 2.9 5.5 3.6 4.6 6.3 1.5 4.1 7.5 3.7 5.3 5.3 Proximity to Richland No Negroes Better residential areas More room Pasco New Residents Negro White Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents* Total Columbia Avenue Total New Residents Total Old Residents Total Sample 44.4 42.9 44.0 37.5 33.9 35.9 1. 2. 3. 4. Segment of Population The chief reasons follows: One might also question the likelihood that the local customs will be maintained indefinitely. During the past ten years there has been a de cided change in the legal basis for maintaining local customs which have the effect of excluding minority groups. To an increasing degree, laws and judicial decisions have made these customs difficult to maintain when they are challenged. Although the survey did not reveal any desire on the part of the Negroes to live in Kennewick, the time may come when the customs are challenged. _______ Percentage Who Think Population Is Too Big Too Small Just Right No Opinion The question of the influence of a Negro population growth bulks very large in the answers to this question. It was frequently mentioned by Kennewick residents as a reason for Kennewick growing more rapidly than Pasco. That is, whites will choose Kennewick because no Negroes live in Kennewick. Such reasoning is very dubious over a period of time. It must be based upon the assumption that the number of whites which will choose the city solely because of the absence of Negro population will exceed the Negro population which might settle if it were not for the local customs. Most cities which have grown have done so because of incoming Negro and white population. Local customs could act as a barrier to business enter prises who customarily employ some Negro labor. Attitudes of Residents toward the Present Size of Pasco and Kennewick by Area of Residence, Length of Residence, and Race given for believing Kennewick will grow faster All major segments of the population thought that the community is a better place to live as a result of its recent growth. This opinion was somewhat stronger among the new residents than among the old. Among new white Pasco residents the ratio of those with favorable opinions to those with unfavorable opinions was approximately 2 to 1. For the old re sidents it was only 5 to 4. For Kennewick both groups were more favorable with a ratio of 4 to 1 for new‘residents, and 3 to 1 for old residents. One explanation of these differences may be the Negro population. The quite sudden emergence of a relatively large Negro population has probably caused Pasco residents to alter many of their attitudes. Desire to have an expanding population is typical of American cities. But the growth brought a drastic change in the racial composition of the population, and new pro blems. About twenty per cent of both new and old white residents in Pasco indicated that they did not think that the newcomers are as pood as the old residents. Although no exact analysis was made on this point, it appeared to the interviewers that persons who thought that the newcomers were not as good as the old residents were identifying newcomers as Negroes. * Number in this category is too small to give reliable percentages; however, old residents are included in totals. People who think Pasco and Kennewick are too small are in a distinct minority. Approximately equal percentages (35%) think their present size is just right or too big. Less than 25 per cent think the size is too small. Their attitude that the cities were already too large was frequently associated with the housing shortage. These figures, however, do pose a question which cannot be answered here; but it is, nevertheless, significant for future planning. Is future growth desired by the community as a whole? The data indicate clearly that, although the recent growth is considered good for the community, there is no agreement on future growth. Many people in the area would at least pre fer to see housing and community services catch up before any further increase comes and probably react negatively to any further growth. This apparent con flict between what they think will happen and what they want to happen may be an important factor in understanding some of the confusion that exists in re gard to the future. It is quite possible that the frequent talk about future growth has had a result not contemplated. People, in assuming great growth in the future, do not look forward to living in the area or becoming active com munity members. E l—HMITOJ WIS»B« WWWBOO -35- -34- TABLE 9 UnfavorableFavorable The point II of of Residence, 90.0 61.1 53.2 63.3 65.8 68.7 66.7 48.1 14.3 41.2 67.0 57.7 62.9 16.5 28.4 21.5 37.1 28.6 35.3 20.0 36.3 27.5 13.0 6.0 9.8 Pasco New Residents Negro White Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Total New Residents Total Old Residents Total Sample 17.7 2.9 10.8 14.8 57.1 23.5 Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents* Total Columbia Avenue * Number in this category however, old residents are i.—1_ _ 2.5 29.6 42.6 30.3 7.5 9.3 4.3 6.4 Reas on, Speculation ^ndthejhiture^ ' too small to give reliable percentages; included in the totals. Another serious danger in inflated population prediction is that of land speculation, which leads to lost investments that could have been pro fitably employed within the community in sounder ways. In other words, responsible community leadership will plan for permanent growth that can be reasonably foreseen, or the temporary influxes that can reasonably be expected. It will avoid optimism generated under boom conditions as a basis for respon sible community planning. Attitudes Expressed by Residents Toward the Effects Rapid Growth on the Community, by Area of Resi ’ Length of Residence, and Race of Residents Attitudes toward the Effects of Rapid ______ Growth on the Community______ No Attitude Expressed There are numerous cities which, during the boom days of the 1920’s, expanded their facilities, utilities, and developed land tracts for a population growth which never materialized. They have been varying the overhead ex penses of paying off indebtedness of their over-optimism ever since. While lack of planning can be a cardinal sin, irresponsible overplanning is certainly not to be listed among the virtues. The evidence offered in this section, both the factual evidence and the opinions of the population, does have positive recommendations to make to responsible persons interested in community planning. The evidence re commends a strong program of community improvements. It is clear that many of the persons who have come to Pasco and Kennewick to take temporary Jobs wish to remain on a permanent basis. There is also reason to believe that many of those who leave at the conclusion of temporary jobs will be replaced by persons who can find permanent employment in the communities. The problems faced by Pasco and Kennewick are not so much to provide for a greatly expanded future population, but to plan for better community facili ties. The population now in the communities has every reason to believe that the character of this population will change from a transient to a permanent °ne. This indicates the need for planning of permanent facilities and services. This recommendation is borne out by evidence in the sections and chapters to porary population increases and the subsequent decreases when construction closes down. It is apparent that substantial portions of the population have mistaken migratory influxes of construction workers for permanent population growth. During a boom period it is difficult to make objective analyses. The fact that one or more of these construction projects could contribute to the permanent increase of the communities by leaving a permanent operating staff after construction was finished could leave room for cautious optimism. However, since the mind of the Federal Government cannot be read in advance, possibilities for permanent growth due to an increase in federal installations remain possibilities only and, at that, speculative ones. An exception to this is the growth which should come from the development of the Columbia Basin. This development should add permanently to the population of the two cities, but as indicated by the reasoning in Chapter I, it is easy to overestimate the size of such additions. Based upon the best estimates, the surveyors could see reason for predicting somewhere between 18 and 24 thousand population, with a best estimate at about 21 thousand for the two cities. The surveyors realized that it is both difficult and unpopular to be making conservative popu lation predictions in the face of popular optimism, but they commend such conservatism to those who have future welfare of the communities at heart. Ill For those planning the future of Pasco and Kennewick the above rea soning should offer some very real help. In the first place, it should be clear that, to these two cities, optimism and irresponsible speculation regarding extensive future growth are positively dangerous. True, it is reasonable to suppose that these cities are in for a number of “fool-type” expansions in population in the near future. With prospects for future construction periods at Hanford, together with prospects for extensive construction operations at nearby dam sites on the Columbia and Snake Rivers, Pasco and Kennewick are apt to become construction towns again. These contingencies can, and should, receive careful planning. The noint is that such planning should be for tern- -36- -37- TABLE 10 Section 2; Age of Sample stay in the dents (3.44). TABLE 11 Occupational Class Section 3: Age of Households 100.0 100.0 I cents Old Residents 2.32 2.62 3.17 3.24 3.40 3.46 4.14 42.7 22.6 13.1 6.0 7.5 4.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 Unskilled and Semi-skilled Skilled Clerical Managerial Owner Professional Retired Unemployed Not Indicated 28.9 22.8 7.1 8.2 10.0 5.3 14.7 1.2 1.8 In per New Residents of Households f ..venue-Kennewick-Pasco Ar New Negroes Columbia Avenue Pasco, White Kennewick Since the size of households is largely of value from a technical standpoint, it has been treated fully in Appendix A and considerable use of it has been made in Appendix B. Of primary interest here is the fact that the new group has brought smaller households to the area on the average than the old group. The range in size of households is from the most recent and most transient type of migration to the oldest and most substantial. These are set forth in Table 75 in Appendix A. The rankings of size of households for the various segments of the population is as follows: The Ranking of the Size of Households for Negroes and Whites in the Columbia Avenue-Kennewick-Pasco Area for Old and New Residents Old Kennewick Pasco Columbia Avenue It will be recalled in the Introduction to Part II, and by those who have read Appendix A that a majority of the interviews conducted were with housewives. In analyzing the population of the area, the sample provides a reliable guide as to the ages of the women in the area. This information is both striking and significant. The median age for women is 3 7 years. This is four years under the median for the State as a whole, according to the Federal Census of 1940. This is probably due to a migration into the area of primarily younger people. Two thirds of the new residents are under 40 years of age, whereas less than one half of the old residents are under 40 years of age. From Table 9 it is seen that between the ages of twenty and forty the size of the household grows larger as the female of the home grows older. The fact that new residents add only an average of .46 children in school, while the old residents add an average of .72 children in school, gives signifi cance to the difference in ages between the two groups. Seventy per cent of the new group intend to stay in the area. They are young enough that many will have additional children, and many who have children now are not yet sending them to school. The recent migration to Pasco and Kennewick, then, means two things. First, that the population of the two cities will grow by means of natural increase at a rate different from that of previous years, and second, that during the next few years the proportion of children of school age to the entire population will increase. School population, in other words, will not only increase absolutely, but also in proportion to the total population. follow. It would seem to fit with the desires and opinions of the people. The 70 per cent who expressed the opinion that the community is either “just right” or “too large” seem to indicate that they are more interested in community im provements than they are in community growth. Occupational Classes by Length of Residence of Pasco-Kennewick and Columbia Avenue Area by Old and New Residents Those new residents who sray m the area and become permanent residents will become older, may acquire permanent housing, and the size of their household will tend to increase to the size of the households of the old resi- I, I * -38- -39- TABLE 12 and Kennewick, TABLE 13 Kennewick Columbia Ave.Occupational Class Pasco Segment of Population Pasco Kenne w i ck Other Total 100.0 100.0100.0 Section 4; The Occupational Pattern 6.6 36.7 36.7 20.0 100.0 What People Do for a Living. Total Sample 35.7 27.4 32.2 4.7 100.0 1. People Work. Occupational Classes by Area of Residents of Pasco-Kennewick and Columbia Avenue 23.6 3.0 35.5 38,9 2. 3. 23.1 53.5 13.8 13.0 13.0 16.2 48.3 35.8 82.0 57.3 23.6 32.9 41.3 72.2 54.2 Richland - Hanford 44.7 11.1 30.5 78.4 39.7 54.6 7.2 32.6 4.5 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total New Residents Total Old Residents Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Total Old Residents Total Pasco Place < Columbia Avenue by Ar 48.8 8.6 Unskilled and Semi-skilled Skilled Clerical Managerial Owner Professional Retired Unemployed Not Indicated 30.1 28.7 6.7 8.8 10.2 4.0 10.2 1.3 41.4 22.3 8.0 6.9 4.8 6.4 5.9 2.2 2.1 0.0 12.0 7.4 4.8 6.2 1.2 3.7 2.3 5.4 0.0 2.2 6.0 3.9 Where Table 12 shows that the influx of population during recent years has been heaviest in the unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled labor categories. However, if we take the unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, and clerical to gether, they constitute 78.4 per cent of the new residents and 58,9 per cent of the old residents. To subtract the retired persons from the old residents, accounts for two-thirds of the difference. For the working population of the area as a whole, one-third are employed in contract construction work of one kind or another. This classi- Table 10 shows that Pasco contains the entire Negro population, and that the Negroes are 87.5 per cent either unskilled or semi-skilled. The un skilled and semi-skilled white populations of Pasco and Kennewick are about equal, 29 per cent for Pasco and 30 per cent for Kennewick. Among the whites, the largest unskilled or semi-skilled groups are to be found in the Columbia Avenue Area. In Pasco a large proportion of persons are employed in cleri cal, managerial, and professional categories, while in Kennewick owners and retired persons predominate. In Appendix A, the difficulties of securing exact occupational infor mation were outlined. A difficulty in compiling occupational information is that the facts about what the wage earner did for a livelihood are indefinite; hence, only general occupational classifications are permitted. This has been explained in the section covering sampling. of Employment of Employed Population of Pasco-Kennewick- .i---- 1. >ea, Length of Residence, and Race^ fication includes 30 per cent of the employed persons in Pasco and 44 per cent of those in the Columbia Avenue Area. However, this seg- Approximately one third of the working population of the area are em ployed at Richland or the Hanford Engineering Works. As might be expected, the newest and most transient residents work at Hanford Engineering Works in a higher proportion than the old and settled residents do. Percentages re arranged from Table 13 are as follows: Negroes (78.4%), new Kennewick res idents (44.7%), Columbia Avenue new residents (36.7%), new white residents Percentage calculated on the basis of employed population. Several house holds had more than one person employed. Includes Columbia Avenue Area. Numbers too small in each category to be significant. ment is included in the totals. -40- -41- The old residents, Section 6; The Educational Pattern The Income PatternSection 5; income shown in Table 14 Another comparison to this point is that, while 6.2 per ployed find their employment i__ “What is the potential demand for business .1 can community activities be through taxation? ” The figures ' i groups. in answering such questions as, ' and services in the area?” and, “At what level maintained through voluntary contribution or i’ do have value as bases for comparison of income between residents area work cent of its so far as where they work as : new ’, a remarkable number of people in the at home. Pasco is clearly the leader in this respect with 57,3 per employed persons working in the city. be made between Pasco and Kennewick at cent of those who live in Pasco and are em- 1 : in Kennewick, 13 per cent of those who live in Kennewick and are employed find their employment in Pasco. answer the questions probably tend to be since high average incomes for any given — j ’"i a high percentage of persons failing to answer the question. Our information about incomes has, then, limitations The average income of Negro households is well below that of white households in the area. There is a sufficient difference between the average income of new white residents and of old white residents to indicate that the average income in new white resident households is substantially larger than in the households of the older residents of the area. While the average in come for Pasco as a whole is lower than that for Kennewick as a whole, the average income for new white residents of Pasco is somewhat higher than for Kennewick and the same holds true for old residents. It seems, then, that a higher income for Pasco whites prevails than for Kennewick whites. If true, this is consistent with the general nature of the business character of the Pasco community as contrasted generally with the home character of the Kennewick community. Another probable conclusion would be based on com paring the transient and permanent characteristics of the area segments of the new population. The lease permanent is probably the Negro group. The next least permanent, the Columbia Avenue group, and the most permanent of the new residents are those living within the city limits of Pasco and Kennewick. If this analysis is correct, then, among the new residents, the least permanent have also the least income, since the ranking averages from low to high are Negro, Columbia Avenue, Kennewick, and Pasco. The average person interviewed had completed ten and a half years of school, which is approximately the average given in the census of 1940 for the State of Washington. There was little difference between the new white residents and the old residents in respect to their education. There was considerable difference between the Negroes and total whites; the average grade completed for the Negroes was 8.1, compared with 11.2 for whites. in Pasco (39.7%)f old Kennewick residents (11.1%), old Pasco residents (7.2%). Almost one half the new residents of the area work at Richland and Hanford, while less than one tenth of the old residents work there. In fact, over 90 per cent of those living in the Pasco-Kennewick Area and working in Richland at Hanford Engineering Works are newcomers to the area. The old residents, for the most part, have not taken jobs on the new project. Table 13 also shows that the new residents of the Columbia Avenue Area have almost the same occupational patterns the new residents in Kennewick. Even when the places where the work are taken into account, Pasco is < Table 14 shows that almost 20 per cent of the people interviewed failed to give any answer at all to the question of the amount of income earned. There is some evidence that the average 1--------- ------ - is too high, when compared with other estimates of average income for the area. The people who failed to ” ’’ x— those in the lower income group, class are consistently associated with Conclusions From the above it is clear that the great majority of the new people who have come to the area are laborers and clerical workers. Most of them are engaged in contract construction. It is also clear that there is a tendency for the better integrated and larger types of business to be located in Pasco, while Kennewick is more of a city of individually owned businesses and a home for retired persons. It is also clear that it is the new people who work in Richland and Hanford, and that the old residents --those who have been in the area for five years or more--have not been generally attracted to these jobs. It is remarkable that in spite of the pulling power of the Hanford Projects, a large majority of the people in the area work in the towns where they live. This is even more true of the new group, of whom almost 47 per cent of those employed work either in Pasco or Kennewick. The percentage of people who live in one town and work in the other shows evidence that Pasco tends to be a business center and Kennewick a city of homes. 1 -42- CHAPTER III TOWARDATTITUDES T HE COMMUNITY AND ITS GROWTH oooocd o o cocoo10 CD O CD05 CMTf410oco in05 inM4coo coinxt4in t- co c- co coincocm co o xt4 coCDococo co in co tnxt4 What Do Residents Like Most about Pasco and Kennewick? moom oCMo co r> CM 00com oooo co 3 -e w CD III in M U ffl <1 H o o o o o CD o cd o o CD O CD O CD o CO CD CM CD in 'cF CD CD xf4 in m4 c— cd co o' Tt <1 rt O H rt o H n o H < fl ns o CCJ o n o cd o H cd o H 44 o £ in fl CD 73 in CD pi CD cn fl CD 73 cn CD Ph CD H-» 'Jfl £ CD £ cn "fl CD 73 cn CD Pi 73 O 8 fl o CD w i Ph CD r—< a 8 cd cn I • co O o LQ , ■> o •cn- i CD CD CD CD O xt4 in t— -ee- i CD CD O CD in cd CM xt4 cn- , 2> 05 ir CM ■en- rH 7 N 2 t> M4 fl CD fl CD 73 in fl ’-i p co in "fl CD 73 cn CD Pi fl & fl CD . . E £ O 5S -H in cocm M4 co co co £6- m CO O co CD t- i r- ■'f cd co I I co tn fl fl 73 wfl £ 3 £ fl -H Cd 73 £ O A number of findings of value are indicated by these listings. First, In both Pasco and Kennewick job opportunities and friendliness of neighbors are the most frequently mentioned items for the new white residents. This Item is less important to Negroes. This may be due to the fact that Negro women reacted to this item in terms of opportunities for domestic employment which are poor. On the other hand, among the old residents other items were ^ore important. Second, churches were ranked lower by new residents. The difference between old and new residents shows that the new residents think of their location in Pasco and Kennewick in terms of the job and have not as yet Put down roots. This probably indicates less community participation among w fl cd 73 in W « S3s z & 2. The reactions provide a basis for judging the manner in which the newer residents are being integrated into the life of the community. fl fl fl id > id < o cd .2 Pi jg 73 C cd fl U O 73 C C fl cd 73 i fl -8 Pi £ a a a a ■ o o tn * cd Ph id fl <1 »>> 42 fl 73 8 'in o fl o fl 1-1 & >5 fl 73 fl cd 73 O 'o OJ in fl 'fl +5 fl fl > 73 tn a 8M (D s o 44 O fl 73 fl fl (D Pi 73 ^H I I fl g fl > < 8 - a) -Q 'H S » 2 fl o Pi u 73 r-H -44- -45- Table 15 (con’t.) ^£2HEg_gliegtioned and things liked Percent TABLE 15 Groups questioned and things liked Percent of neighbors Pasco New Residents Negroes Churches climate friendliness of neighbors town is the right size Total New Residents churches climate friendliness of neighbors job opportunities Old Residents climate churches friendliness of neighbors library job opportunities optimism regarding future size 70 42 38 25 63 59 59 46 33 31 28 56 52 49 36 61 53 50 43 42 28 55 50 35 35 35 58 52 51 45 34 60 60 57 54 40 34 25 59 44 43 31 27 57 56 50 39 31 Whites job opportunities climate friendliness of neighbors churches optimism regarding future size school system library Old Residents churches climate job opportunities friendliness of neighbors school system stores fire protection Columbia Avenue) 84 64 62 55 Kennewick New Residents Friendliness < job opportunities climate churches school system them than among the older residents. Third, both new and old residents in Pasco frequently mention the library. Fourth, the optimism regarding the future is liked by more people in Pasco than in the other parts of the area. Fifth, community spirit ranks high only in the Columbia Avenue area. Sixth, with the exception of fire protection, schools and library, no public services ranked high. Opinion concerning the question, “What things do you like best about this town?” (name five) including those things liked by 2 5 or more per cent in each group. Total Pasco climate churches friendliness of neighbors job opportunities library Total Kennewick friendliness of neighbors climate job opportunities churches school system Columbia avenue (total) job opportunities climate churches friendliness of neighbors community spirit Total New Residents (including total job opportunities climate friendliness of neighbors churches li -47--46- Table 15^(con’t.) Percentliked TABLE 17 General Attitudes of Richland Residents Toward Pasco and Kennewick. Percent Choosing Statement forTABLE 16 and Kennewick” Kennewick Pasco Kennewick 1. 7.7 .4 Things Liked 2. 47.5 37.4 3. 32.7 34.4 Things Disliked 4. 5.7 15.0 17.8and Sidewalks 6.45. 12.8 Total 100.0 100.0 I 63 58 55 55 I like Kennewick (Pasco) pretty well, but I would prefer to live in Richland. I think it must be a pretty poor town in which to live. If I had to live in Kennewick (Pasco) I think I would try to find another job somewhere else so I could move. I think Kennewick (Pasco) is about an average city for its size. Columbia Avenue) 61 56 52 48 25 3.9 70.8 15.2 8.4 12.4 "What Richland People _ _ * 2.2 5.0 20.5 15.0 6.5 24.5 6.5 __ * __ « 19.5 I like Kennewick (Pasco) very much. If I could find a good house I would like to live there and go back and forth to work in Richland. _ _ * 5.2 12.7 6.0 10.4 32.1 5.2 Like and Dislike about Pasco In Percents Pasco 1., Dirty streets and sidewalks--a general impression of untidiness --is frequently mentioned, especially in regard to Pasco. Here, also, is a field of community action that could do much to enhance the prestige of the community and which will not be amiss in the years to come when competition with Rich land and even Walla Walla becomes more intense. Many things which are in the realm of the practical would have almost immediate effects. From a busi ness standpoint, the more favorably outsiders are impressed, the more likely they are to come to the community for shopping, movies, dining out, et cetera. Some attachment must be built up other than by choosing to shop at a city be cause of the stores. Although far from completely satisfactory, Pasco and Kennewick are currently better than Richland. If these attachments are built up it goes almost without saying that the chances for continued retail expan sion are improved. Dirty Streets Negroes Crime Attitudes of Merchants Not enough stores and prices Temporary Housing Appearance of Stores Traffic and Parking Police Force Total Sample climate friendliness of neighbors churches job opportunities 13.8 59.1 s’x— — 25.5 6.9 9.0 3.7 6.9 9.0 I Groups questioned andjthing_s too high Total Old Residents (not including climate churches friendliness of neighbors job opportunities library F riendliness Stores Street System and Traffic Control Residential District Recreational Facilities Race Segregation Churches Cleanliness Hotels and Restaurants Quietness ❖ Too few to list -49--48- TABLE 18 How Residents View Local Problems opinions ilii the whole favorably impress* The difference 16, 17, 13. 14. 15.. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Negroes School, Crowding Traffic Water Supply Medical Service Housing for Temporary Workers Discrimination Against Negroes Housing for Permanent Workers Sanitation Street Lighting City Government Recreation for Youth in the proportions choosing the first statement might be explained on the basis of Kennewick’s nearness or its apparent desirability as a preferential resi dential district. IT The selection of listings proved quite different among the various segments of the population. First of all the differences among the three resi dential areas can be seen by taking the problems given the top ten rankings in the total listings --each person interviewed had five chances to check an item. Police Protection Shortage of Teachers Inadequate Recreation for Adults Weeds in Vacant Lots Crime 18. Admission Charge at Swim ming Pool Unsightly Alleys Fire Protection Playgrounds Stores Unemployment grams limited to political activities. It encompasses and informal activity. Although the improvement help the <_ this : community ng unC -What do you think are the five most im- ; which Pasco and Kennewick will face during the next five years?”, listed according to the frequency with which they were mentione . Several general patterns appear. School crowding, traffic, Negroes, and water supply are among the ten most frequently mentioned problems in each area. In addition to these four, Pasco and Kennewick residents frequently checked housing for temporary and permanent workers and street lighting. Discrimination against Negroes is strongly felt both in Pasco and in the Columbia Avenue area, but not in Kennewick. Crime and police protection were considered much more important in Pasco than in the other areas. Medical service and sanitation were important to Kennewick. In the Columbia Avenue area unsightly alleys were more important. 2. Medical facilities, although very important to both new and old Kennewick residents, are ranked higher by the new residents. These listings provide a basis for directing community action in civic improvement. These appear to be the problem with which the residents in these areas are most concerned. There are some striking differences be tween the new and old residents in both Kennewick and Pasco. In Table 20 are the problems rated most important by each of these major segments, and the percentage checking the particular problem. From an examination of these lists several conclusions may be drawn: are on preference for Kennewick. It is clear that Richland residents with both cities, but there is a A question similar to the above was asked concerning what the resi dents thought were the five most important problems the community would face during the next five years. The problems contained in the check list were in the order in which they were mentioned by the total sample. (Table 18) 1. The problem of housing for both temporary and permanent workers is most acutely felt among new residents of Kennewick. The frequency with which this was mentioned was twice as great as among new residents of Pasco. At the same time this problem was not in the top ten for old residents of Kennewick. In fact less than 15 per cent mentioned it. This may be due to the lack of communi cation between new and old residents. The older residents frequently are not aware of the problems faced primarily by the newer residents. Opinions concerning the question: “What do you think portant problems ’..LIL IL 3 T> = listed according to the frequency with which they The results of these questions point clearly to the necessity of pro- o------- ; to bring the newer residents into community participation. This is not limited to political activities. It encompasses the whole range of organized . ' ' f community spirit may : economic prospects by encouraging industry to come into the area, should not be the compelling reason. A successful program will make the a friendlier and more satisfying one for its residents. mentioned. In addition to the attitudes expressed by the residents, a sample of of Richland residents is available from the Richland Survey. Sel dom does one community ever have any clear idea of how it looks to people outside the community. In the Richland Survey the person filling in the ques tionnaire was asked to check one of five sentences which was the best approxi mation to his attitude toward Pasco and Kennewick. Table 17 gives the state ments and results. 1 These 23 problems were listed on a card which was handed to the person in terviewed. He was asked to name the five most important problems on the card. Although the differences are not great, they point to the general con clusion that in Kennewick there is a feeling that friends are easier to find than in Pasco. -50- -51- TABLE 20TABLE 19 Pasco In Per Cents 1. 30.0 7.10. Kennewick 10. 38.8 25.9 8. 16.7Columbia Avenue 26.6 5.26.4 9. 23.5 23.4 10. 22.3 1 1 9. 10. 49.2 55,4 33.3 23.8 22.2 36.1 35.4 32.7 27.2 25.9 22.4 50.0 44.1 38.2 29.4 7. 8. 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 25.5 24.5 59.6 43.6 57.4 46.2 44.4 35.2 29.6 27.5 20.0 40.0 35.0 32.5 Negroes Traffic Medical Service Water Supply Inadequate Recreation for Adults Discrimination Against Negroes Sanitation City Government Unsightly Alleys School Crowding I Whites 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 29.1 27,0 25.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Medical Service Sanitation Water Supply School Crowding Traffic Housing for Temporary Workers 29.9 Negroes Street Lighting Recreation for Youth Housing for Permanent Workers Old White Residents Negroes School Crowding Housing for Temporary Workers Housing for Permanent Workers Street Lighting Shortage of Teachers Discrimination Against Negroes Crime Police Protection Traffic Weeds in Vacant Lots Negroes School Crowding Housing for Permanent Workers Traffic Discrimination Against Negroes Water Supply Housing for Temporary Workers Crime Weeds in Vacant Lots Unsightly Alleys Pasco New Residents Negroes Traffic Water Supply Discrimination Against Negroes Medical Facilities Street Lighting Sanitation Admission Charge at Swimming Pool City Government Housing for Temporary Workers Crime Negroes School, Crowding T raffic Housing for Permanent Workers Discrimination Against Negroes Housing for Temporary Workers Water Supply Crime Street Lighting Police Protection Opinion concerning the question; tant problems which Pasco and T listed according to the frequency with which they area and by length of residence Opinions concerning the questions; “What do you think are the five most im portant problems which Pasco and Kennewick will face during the next five years?”, listed according to the frequency with which they were mentioned, classified by area in percentages. 1 These responses were taken from 23 problems which were listed on a card which was handed to the person interviewed. He was asked to name the five most important problems on the card. “What do you think are the five most impor- Kennewick will face during the next five years?” / were mentioned, classified by r -52- -53- ’t.) Attitudes Toward the Community as a Place To Live. 40.3 6. TABLE 21 7. In per cents Total .7 33.337.12 6.5 11.1 18.5 100.0 9. 17.641.2 8.832.4 100.023.5 36.5 27.5 12.5 22.0 1.5 100.0 78.0 8.9 .64,2 8.3 100,0a problem more frequently by 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 50.7 49.3 41,8 46.3 44.8 38.8 37.3 28.4 34.3 31.3 31,3 29.8 50.0 44.1 38,2 29.4 26.9 22.4 20.9 1. 2. 3. 4. 83.5 64.4 10.0 51,1 30.0 18,1 40,0 20.2 6.0 9.6 2.5 1.6 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 9. 10. No opinion 17.5 9.0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3.0 8.2 7.5 17.1 1. 2. 3. 4. Table 20 (con It never will4 It does now Old Residents Water Supply Traffic Medical Service School Crowding Sanitation Negroes Street Lighting Recreation for Youth City Government Discrimination Against Negroes Kennewick New Residents Housing for Temporary Workers Medical Service School Crowding Traffic City Government Negroes Water Supply Street Lighting Recreation for Youth Housing for Permanent Workers Columbia Avenue (total) Negroes Traffic Medical Service Water Supply Sanitation City Government Discrimination Against Negroes Recreation for Adults School Crowding Unsightly Alleys Statement checked by person interviewed; Statement checked; Statement checked; Statement checked: Pasco Negro Total Pasco Kennewick Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Total Columbia Avenue Total New Residents Total Old Residents It may 2 m time Opinions Do not think it will3 4. The new residents in Pasco agreed others listed represent small percentages. These data have definite implications for community programs. They comprise priority lists for groups interested in reducing points of tension and in making the community a better place in which to live, These problems will be taken up in more detail in the following sections. 3. School crowding is recognized as the newer residents in both cities. In much of the organized community life there has been a general tendency for Kennewick residents to show a greater satisfaction with their local services and institutions than the residents of either Pasco or Columbia Avenue. These differences are not great, nor are they entirely consistent (an exception is the recreation programs for youth). In their attitudes toward stores, schools, local government, water supply, sanitation facilities, and even medical facilities, Kennewick residents seem to be entering into com munity life to a greater degree. Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick and Columbia Avenue Residents Concerning the Question: “Do you think this town will ever seem like home to you?” 5. Discrimination against Negroes is more pronounced by the new residents in both cities. “Yes, it does now.” “I think it may in time.” “I don’t think it will, but I am not sure.” “No, it never will.” on only seven problems. The CHAPTER IV-54- ATTITUDESRACIAL Race Relations Certainly one very important factor is the wide divergencies in Pasco caused by the bi-racial composition. As was pointed out, the Negro problem has been magnified all out of proportion by fear, rumor, and misunderstand ings. This can be overcome by intelligent and progressive action by the Pasco community. The present situation in Pasco-Kennewick differs in several ways from typical race relations situations common in other parts of the United States. Among these are: That these differences are real can be seen in the responses given to several questions which relate to the general community life. There is a fairly general feeling in Pasco that there is more crime than one would ex pect for a town of its size. For Pasco over 50 per cent have this belief, but in Kennewick only 3 per cent do. The attitude is most common among Negroes, The response to this question is at least, in part, a reflection of the attitude toward the community. Negative answers to this question have been found to be associated with community spirit and solidarity. 3. Closely related to both of these is the relatively high concentration of Negroes to whites in Pasco, Although no census is available, estimates of the Negro population run between 2,000 and 2,500, representing at least 25 per cent of the population of Pasco, This is undoubtedly a high esti mate, which may be due in part to small families among the Negro population, In the data many striking differences in attitudes, beliefs, and econo mic characteristics between the Negroes and whites are evident. Negroes ar a marginal group in their relationships to the community. They participate least in community activities and have least favorable attitudes toward the community and its institutions. A part of this lack of integration is due to the short period of time they remain in Pasco, their intentions to leave, and possibly to their income and occupation level. These factors taken individual and in combination can account for only a small fraction of the differences in dicated. The differences may in large measure be traced to the attitudes of both toward whites. These prejudices block effective understanding of the race relationships and the interests of both Negroes and Caucasians,A second question points to the same general condition in a more obvious way. The question is: “Do you think this town will ever seem like home to you?” The results are shown in Table 21. This question clearly divides those who are already integrated into the life of the community and those who are sure that they will never think of it as home. 2. Local customs act as a barrier to Negroes in Kennewick. That these customs are recognized by the Negroes is indica ted by the fact that no Negro interviewed expressed any in terest in moving to Kennewick, The background of present race relations in the Pasco-Kennewick area is quite similar to those of any other city of the Pacific Northwest. In general, the Negro population was very small prior to the war, During the war Negroes migrated into many of the cities due to increasing demands for labor. A situation was created for which the older population was almost wholly unprepared, either from the point of view of established attitudes or behavior. The “white nature” was confronted by a situation without tools to cope adequately with the problems. Asa result, nothing was done as an edu cational process, causing tension to mount. In a few cases programs were initiated in an attempt to improve inter-racial understanding. 1. Cities having large influxes of Negroes usually are rela tively large industrial cities. Cities with populations of less than 25,000 seldom have large and rapid increases in Negro population. This is not true for Pasco, < -57--56- Some MisconceptionsTABLE 22 In per cents TABLE 23 Estimate3.71.8 1.3 .7 3.718.57.4 28.514.3 100.05.9 32.42.926.5 14.78.85.92.9 100.026.08.53.011.520.018.012.01.0 100.019.63.0 9.515.525.018.51.2 100.09.0 23.13.013.322.318.21.1Total Sample 2.1 4.2 3.2 Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick 47.5 3.7 32.5 16.7 23.4 16.0 19.7 15.2 22.4 18.5 12.8 24.5 18.6 25.3 26.9 26.0 29.6 14.3 3000- 3,999 2.5 14.8 11.4 13.4 12.3 2.5 13.0 11.4 10.4 11.0 8.5 7.4 8.0 20.2 20.2 20.2 30.3 17.9 24.7 33.4 28.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.0 21.9 32.1 19.5 4.5 13.0 Groups questioned Percentage of White Residents 9.6 18.1 13.8 Below 1,000 1,000 - 1,999 2,000 - 2,999 3,000 - 3,999 4,000 - 4,999 Above 5,000 7J 10.0 7.5 16.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 22.3 8.5 15.4 1.3 7.5 4.1 7.4 14.3 3.8 1.5 2.7 7.5 29.6 _____ Opinion 1000- 2000- 1,999 2,999 .Less than SOO- SOO 999 Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Estimate of the Negro Population Made in Pasco as Made by White Residents Total New Residents Total Old Residents At least two-thirds of the residents estimate the Negro population to be at least 2,000, On the basis of the present study an estimate in the neighborhood of 1,200 is justified. This is in substantial agreement with an independent estimate made by other observers. On the basis of the data previously cited even these estimates appea: conservative. The Negro population by and large is tied to construction work As was pointed out previously, the Negro working population is largely em ployed in Hanford and Richland in construction work as unskilled and semi skilled laborers. This can be taken at least as an indication that they will follow construction work, possibly to other points in the Columbia Basin. This probability is increased by reason of the small size of household and snaall number of children of school age. Households of this type can migrate rnore easily than can larger households. Not only do the white residents overestimate the Negro population but they think of it in terms of continued growth and expansion. Seventy-nine per cent of the residents thought that the proportion of Negroes would increas during the next five years, This does not correlate with either the intentions of the Negroes to move away, or what the Negroes think will happen to the Negro population once the construction is over. As was shown by the sample, 51 per cent of the Negroes interviewed thought that at least one-half of the Negroes would leave when the work at Hanford and Richland was completed. Only 12 per cent thought that less than 2 5 per cent would leave. 4000- 5000- No 4,999 Opinicn T otal The magnitude of the problem is greatly overestimated by most people living in the area. By and large the whites believe that the Negro population is far in excess of the actual number. Many of the estimates made by the whites of the number of Negroes went above 5,000. These are shown in Table 22. 4. Negroes in the area are employed principally in construction work of limited duration. Many Negroes do not expect to find work in the area after the completion of Hanford. In short, Negroes in the area think of staying only one or two years. For this reason they have less incentive to build up a com munity life. Also, this fact goes far to explain the housing paradox which faces the Negroes and the community as a whole. Opinion Concerning the Question, “The total population of Pasco and Kennewick is about 15,000 at the present time. How many Negroes do you think live in Pasco and Kennewick?” -58- “59- CQQ CO LQCO Q >CO tnm co CM CD CM (fl lQLQ CDCOtn om mco m >CO CMCOCMO CDooCD O CO CMCM LD CMCOcoCDLQ CM00CMCOCOCDCMCM COO CDCO ITO >“CDO CO CM COCO v-H CMCOITO COtn ocd o coO CO CM cocot- CD CDCMCOLTO Typical Negro-White Beliefs and Attitudesst*m mco 05 r-•4* 05xj* 05O CD CJ cosi* st* st*m co ooco coO in t> IDto cot- CO 05hH ID CO COCOcoco st* mI/OCM CMCMCO CDo irocoCMco m min cm CD 00COco o iroooCM OO CD CDinoo cd inco ooin co cm i r O g & o o o st* i o 05 lO 05 in co § O CD o o o o 0 05 0 o o o I I I I I I tn 05 t t o o o o o o o o I I o o o o o o o o o o o o I I I I o o o o o o o o o o o o I I I I I I in oo co CM CM CM i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I o o o o o o o o St* CD CM st* o o o o 05 £ 05 o Sh oj &, Sh tn cti tn CtJ o o tn 05 Ph tn <15 o tn 05 in r- uo co o o tn nJ Ph r-H CO CO 05 ID CM CM CO 00 st* co o o £ a o s &o .s <+H 05 a o £ d o H & 05 m st* co CM -H CM CtJ o H st* CM H J pq < H q-Ho tn o, o T5 tn tn tn 05 rt o E-* 44 05 £ 05 c tn a 05 T5 tn 0) Cd T5 tn 'S 05 o tn 05 cd o s o • rH tn 05 O' 05 XJ 'O 05 £o •r—I tn 05 3 o* tn Q. DSo 0) a a 05 Id 0) 05 > < Cti g 2 r—< o O 05 & s aJ W £ o 3 05 G Os Sh o tn S 05 TJ tn 0) cd £ 05 £ CM CO CD CO CM CM CO O CO CM 05 T5 tn 05 cd TJ 6 " O H r-H O CD CO CM CM m cd CM r-* £ O CtJ 2 tn >5 a CO g £ Iw tn 1 xJ tn ■ ■. 05 C cd XJ tn G ■£ 05 XS tn 05 cd £ 0) . . £ O tri 44 G& 2 05 +■> £ ? XJ G CtJ XJ Th WO 05 o G bn .. 05 5 S G> <5 g g CtJ X4 ■*-> O o m I 05 CD 05 O 05 O - ICM CM I 05 O 05 IO 05 o I 05 O 05 O C5 O - ICO CO Future job opportunities other than construction are distinctly limit for Negroes. The types of enterprises likely to develop in Pasco and Kennei are not those which have been large sources of employment for Negroes in other parts of the country, Of course, there will be some jobs which will be taken by Negroes. And it is possible that some industries will lower barriea to Negro employment and find in this group a pool of efficient labor. G o .2 £ .g °* O This striking difference is in sharp contrast to the opinions express by several Negroes to the researchers to the effect that it was the “new whites” who were most resentful of the Negroes moving into the area. There appears to be no basis in fact for this opinion among the Negroes. Another aspect of this attitude is the belief among the Negroes that practically all of 1 the new whites in the Kennewick-Pasco area came from the South. Seventy-s per cent had this belief, although there is no basis for such opinions. By actual count, only 16 per cent of the new population comes from the Southern states. The Negroes appear to blame these more recent migrants for segre gation and discrimination in the belief that they came from the South and are trying to establish southern patterns of segregation, 05 g - r- 0] rHO H CO 0- ,-H 05 tn P 05 'g tn 44 0) .25 £ £ Ph g O « O bo •S 'c Sh 05 y - p * o »■ u w 05 tn £ q 05 TJ tn 05 cd 44 O £ 05 C White residents show very little agreement in attitudes and beliefs regarding Negroes. On the other hand, the Negroes show a much greater un animity of opinion on many issues. This tendency has been noted previously in regard to other aspects of the community. It may be due in part to a greater similarity of experience among the Negroes, such as living in the same type of housing, similar jobs, living in a compact neighborhood, and relatively fewer differences in income and education, It is therefore much easier to characterize Negro attitudes and beliefs than the whites, Further more, the variations in attitudes and beliefs among whites show no consis tent relationships with differences in length of residence or with the location °f residence. If any conclusion can be drawn as to the differences between old and new residents, it is that new residents are more liberal in their be liefs about the proper place of the Negroes in our society, This difference s not related to differences among the groups in how they think they would eact under specific circumstances, A few examples will indicate the com- P exities of these attitudes and beliefs. In Table 26 the answers selected for the question: “In general do y u think that ideas of “white supremacy” and “keeping the Negroes in their tn T2 Sh tn 05 ■g S nJ O O H H 05 tn g P Sh 05 < tn 05 .2 £ G 05 ... . 3 S O £ O O O H -60- -61- TABL.E 25 TABLE 26 In percents In percents No4 .3 No4 3.7 100.030,5 8.043.0 15,0 3.5Total New Residents 2.9 7.7 6.06.0 100.062.4 17.9Total Old Residents 4.6 100.016.3 20.1 7.151.9Total Sample 40.8 13.0 8.7 27.2 10.3 100.0 1. 2. 3. 4. Groups questioned Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Opinions of Old and New Residents of Pasco-Kennewick Concerning the Question, “On the whole, do you think that Negroes are being treated fairly in this town?” 39.3 52,1 45.1 15.0 50.0 35.1 70.3 52.6 24.0 2 5.4 24,7 5.0 14.8 10.6 12.7 11.7 Opinion Do not think sq3 80.0 24.0 47.9 7.4 27.7 12.7 6.0 9.6 11.1 14,3 11.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 1. 2. 3. 4. Total New Residents Total Old Residents Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick 44.5 71.4 50.0 90.0 35,2 58.5 27.7 43.1 39,2 31.4 35.7 24.1 10.4 17.8 14.0 11.9 14,8 8.5 13.8 11.2 40.7 14.3 35,3 19.0 32.9 25.3 22.5 32.7 7.5 29.6 20.2 34,1 27.1 No opinion Total 8.5 12.5 11.1 14,3 11.8 13.9 14,9 14.4 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.5 57.1 76.4 Groups questioned Statement checked; Statement checked; Statement checked; cracy.” 49.0 31.0 16,7 9.6 13.8 11.7 3.8 10,4 6.8 2.5 3.7 3,2 10.6 6,9 6,0 11.9 3.7 14,3 5.9 3.7 14,3 5.9 20.2 9.0 15,1 3.8 7.5 5.5 5.6 3.2 4.3 3.7 5.6 3.2 5.3 4.3 No opinion Total Total Sample Think so not sure^ Opinions of old and new Residents of Pas co-Kennewick Concerning the question; “In general, do you think ideas of “white supremacy” and “keeping the Negroes in their place” are opposed to the principles of American Demo cracy ? ” Yes, sure they are. Statement checked by person interviewed; “Yes, I am sure they are.” Statement checked; “I think so, but I am not sure.” Statement checked; “I don’t think so, but I am not sure.” Statement checked; “No, I am sure they are not treated fairly.” Statement checked by person interviewed: “Yes, I am sure they are.” “I think so, but I am not sure,” “I don’t think so, but I am not sure,” “No, these ideas are perfectly consistent with demo- _______________ Opinion Yes, sure Think so, Do not they are 1 not sure^ think so -63--62- TABLE 28 In percents No4Group questioned T ota: TABLE 27 1.3 .7 44.4Total 3.7NoYes Groups questioned 35.3 2.9 Total Sample - White 6.120.1 12,8 58.9 2.1 100. Of the Pasco new residents, 41 per cent thought segregation existed. 100.05,236.7 58.1Total Sample 1.3 3.0 Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Substantially, the same variation appeared in the answers to the question as to 1---- ---------------- the new whites were certain that the Negroes The differences between the cities is largely residents are less certain that the Negroes again that it is old residents of Pasco that large white groups. Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Total New Residents Total Old Residents 95.0 40.0 63.8 26.6 45.2 32.9 29.8 31.5 44.5 27.4 11.1 14,3 11,8 81.5 71,4 79.4 49,0 69,0 58,2 64.2 61.0 6,5 3,6 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Pasco New White Residents Old White Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New White Residents Old White Residents Total Kennewick Total New Residents Total Old Residents 1. 2. 3. 4. 18.5 24.5 22.3 23.1 17.3 7.4 6,4 6,8 7.5 14,3 3.8 13.8 11.9 16.7 14,9 15.5 44.4 85.7 53.0 57.4 48.9 52,0 60.7 74.5 67,1 56.8 60.7 No opinion 100. 100, 100. 100, 100. 100, 100, 100. 100.1 lOOj 100 J 19.0 9.0 14.4 2.5 53.7 31.9 72.3 52.1 5.1 9.0 6.8 7.4 14.3 8.8 2.5 5,6 4.3 1.1 2.7 8.9 6.0 7,5 5.0 7.1 13.9 7.5 11.0 5,3 3.4 Opinion Yes, certainly Might, would 1 not sure Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Columbia Avenue New White Residents Old White Residents Total Columbia Avenue Statement checked by person interviewed: Statement checked; Statement checked: Statement checked; the fairness of the treatment of Negroes (Table 26). More of were not being treated fairly, a matter of degree, Kennewick are being treated fairly, Note : are the most extreme of the four The Negroes are largely in agreement in their feeling that they are not being treated fairly, Opinion of Old and New Residents of Pasco-Kennewick concerning the question, “In general, do you think there is segregation now in Pasco and Kennewick? A somewhat larger proportion of the newcomers recognize local Practices as segregation. Ninety-five per cent of the Negroes said that se gregation exists, but only 27 per cent of the old Pasco residents thought so. place” are opposed to the principles of American Democracy?” In both Pasco and Kennewick the new residents answer this question in the affirmative more frequently than do the old residents. This difference is much greater in Kenne wick than in Pasco. The greatest difference, however, is that between Negroes and whites. The former are almost entirely agreed that the two ideas are in consistent. On the basis of these three questions, one may conclude that new residents are more liberal than the older ones. The old residents of Kenne- wick, for example, appeared to be less inclined to take serious offense at eati i*1 the same restaurant as did a Negro, than either new or old residents in Opinions of Old and New Residents of Pasco-Kennewick con cerning the question: “If you were eating in a restaurant and a Negro sat down at the next table before you had been served, would you get up and leave the restaurant?” “Yes, I certainly would.” “I think I might, but I am not sure.” “I don’t think I would, but I am not sure.” “No, I would go on and order the meal.” Do not think so^ In per cents Opinion No Opinion -64- -65- TABLE 29 TABLE 30 In per cents In percents TotalOroups questionedGroup questioned 3 No4 T otal 3,7 3.7 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.9 100.01.238.414,010.436.0Total Sample - WhiteTotal Sample - White 58.6 15,2 7,0 18,6 .6 100,0 *1 residents in each city showed < situation described in the question 1. 2. 3. 4. Total New Residents Total Old Residents Columbia Avenue New White Residents Old White Residents Total Columbia Avenue Kennewick New White Residents Old White Residents Total Kennewick Pasco New White Residents Old White Residents Total Pasco 50.6 55.2 52.8 61.2 56.0 74.1 71.4 73.6 70.3 55.3 60.8 12,6 17,3 20.2 20.9 20.5 5.1 7.5 6.2 18.5 28.6 20.6 18,8 18.4 24.1 16.4 20.5 11.1 19.1 16.2 .6 .6 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 Pasco New White Residents Old White Residents Total Pasco Total New Residents Total Old Residents 2. 3. 4. 33.3 36.2 35.1 41.8 26.9 34.9 48.1 28.6 44.1 39.9 32.1 10.1 11.9 11.0 18.5 16,0 16.9 11,1 14.3 11,8 12.5 15.5 31.5 38.3 35.9 39.2 46,3 42.5 29.7 42,8 32,4 35,0 41.7 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 u “I think so, but I am not “I don’t think so, but I am not “No, they shouldn’t buy in the No opinion Kennewick New White Residents Old White Residents Total Kennewick 11.3 9.5 No opinion Seventy-five per cent of this group showed no indication of resent- Only 49 per cent of old no resentment. I II 14.8 7.4 10,1 9.3 16.0 13.5 7.4 14.3 8.8 8.9 14,9 11,6 1,3 1.2 1,1 .7 9.3 8.5 8.8 I 6.8 7.7 1.9 2,1 2,0 II Opinion Think so, Yes, I am sure they should, sure.” sure. ” same store.” Columbia Avenue New White Residents Old White Residents Total Columbia Avenue 1. Statement checked by person interviewed: Statement checked;Statement checked by person interviewed: Statement checked: Statement checked; Statement checked; Yes, sure Think so, Do not they should 1 nof sure2 think so I In the case of sitting next to Negroes in the movies, fewer of the old 1 an unfavorable attitude toward Negroes. In the i, approximately 42 per cent of the old resi- away from Negroes, while only 34 per In respect to only a specific situation were responses which were de- unfavorable attitude toward Negroes more frequent This was a question the old residents of A majority of the residents of Kennewick, Columbia Avenue, and the old residents of Pasco a Negro family live next door, To many it may be surprising to note that 43 per cent chose responses .. 1.1-------- ‘ dency to judge Negroes for neighbors ' ’ -1 = characteristics. Yes, certainly Think so, would 1 not sure4 No4 , To many it may -» which indicated no ten on the basis of real or assumed racial Pasco, f ment toward the situation described in the question, residents and 57 per cent of new residents indicated no resentment. This may be a result of having never really faced a real situation of dining near a Negro. Opini on Do not think so4 dents showed no inclination to move cent of the new residents in the area took this response, one question describing finitely indicative of an than the responses which might be considered favorable, relating to Negroes as neighbors (Table 31), Only among Kennewick were the favorable responses in the majority, new l were most opposed to having Opinions of Old and New Residents of Pasco-Kennewick Con cerning the Question: “In general, do you think that it is all right for Negroes to buy their groceries in the same store as white people?” Opinions of Old and New Residents of Pasco- Kennewick Con cerning the Question: “If you were in the movies where there were only a few vacant seats and a Negro sat in the seat next to you, do you think you would leave ? ” “Yes, I certainly would,” “I think I would, but I am not sure.” Statement checked; “I don’t think I would, but I am not sure.” Statement checked; “No, I’d continue watching the movie.” 67--66- 3 CM CO CMCM o o 55 2 i.' i 05 XXi CM CO 2 o O O O O O O o o o o o o o’ o o o o o in CM I I o o o o o' o o o o CD CO X1 O) CM CM CM Tfi co o CM I I co co o o o o o o O co co co o o o o 0) fi 55 2 x c o cd in tn cm CM X co 2 o 'fi ■ft o cd fi o o tn cd & o H co cd fi H 05 x in tn o ft tn cd X CD fia* m cd s 05 05 cd "H 2 cd 42 0) £ X 2 cd tn fi CD X tn 05 PS CDfi x o o> m cd Ph in fi 05 X o § X CD 2 o •rd tn CD O* ft 2 o 2 0 m fi CD X tn CD PS CDx x CD 2 2 CD bd X CD £ CD 2 2 CD X CD 2 2 CD > < cd fi fi m fi CD X tn CD PS CD X x m fi CD X tn CD PS CD x X CD g CD > cd fi fi 2 r—4 o U CD fi fi tn fi 05 X tn CD PS CD fi 1 CD fi, S cd 2 o n cd CD 2 o fi § X o £ X fi ^cd CD fi £ cd CD 2 CD II | H'Hl r’- IIII'' fi I ■ I' I II "1 I1'1 11I ■'ll cd co o co 0 cm co co t- cd oo co' co co CM r-1 CD CO CO ,-H CM CO CO CM CM in co t- ri cm in CO CM CM co o CO 05 CM r-l co co x in 05 t- CM CM CM t- X — H co o CO CM co I" -j... P CM O q-i X a p o p cd X o o J X p X H ss p o 05 > o „ 6 <2M q_, X I—I p o I p O .2 S ,S fto CD co o r- 1. The differences in local customs in the treatment of Negroes be tween Pasco and Kennewick is not consistent with the variation in prevailing be liefs and attitudes among whites now living in the areas. Perhaps the customs represent past differences but the indications today are that the people in Kennewick are more liberally inclined toward the Negro, both in principle and in several specific situations. (Again, this may be the result of a rationalization, as they may not have faced the actual situation of those contacts.) 5. The large numbers of the white residents who think there is no segregation may be taken as an indication that the whites and Negroes have different conceptions of segregation, If segregation is taken as any practice which restricts the participation and activities of individuals by reason of men bership in one or the other group, then there are many instances of segregatio in the area, such as the distinct break between the principal Negro residential area and the white areas, eating establishments and in general group partici pation. The Negroes evidently thought of segregation in these terms, They nientioned many places of segregation with theatres and cafes and the bus station being among the principal ones, The bus station was mentioned by 63 Per cent of the Negroes. On the other hand the whites who thought segregatioi existed mentioned housing most frequently while only a few mentioned cafes, stores, and churches. Kennewick residents were inclined to point to segregat I I "|- x o 2 X x 05 in o to °, S2 oi 2Oi nj XX* 9 2so r T1 cn O O’-**-4 CM CM CM rH 05 o co CD r-l CM t-H Xf 05 15- o r- x co S2 ~ i_> 2 ?2 > bo £ 05 X r-H £ o « o .. £2 O S2 0 Q w . (D r~< ft x O 0 0 >> 1 ■ 1 co (2 O in s. 05 ft X T3 X X X 05 05 05 C x X X X -- O £2 03 oi oi O O 4. The unfavorable attitudes expressed in the responses to questions such as “Do you think the Negroes should be encouraged to leave?” possibly are not so much a reaction to the physical presence of Negroes as a general reaction of local problems and tensions. If problems such as housing, adult recreation, traffic, medical services, participation in community programs, were eased, the tension over race would also be eased, Race provides a ready* made explanation of the troubles that beset the rapidly expanding populations. Studies made elsewhere have found that prejudice is related to other problems and racial tensions are greatly reduced when other problems are reduced, £h . . O S2 O £n X 05 Pi M o . 05 -£ s cti 05 tn X O 12 ft 2 X ft X O w 5 o tn r o "fi 1 X „ 05 X r-H .fi £ o o U o fi O 73 0) > o fi * X > Ct3 £2 0 2 £n P 05 23 O, £h C X o cO O DJO 2 05 05 05 05 "fi X £2 05 05 05 _ fi fi fi fi 05 05 "fi fi 55 55 -68- -69- Re commendations TABLE 32 TotalNoYesGroup questioned 100.05.263.8 31.0Total Sample 8.9 6.0 7.5 Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Total New Residents Total Old Residents 12.5 77.8 50.0 66.0 58.0 69.6 70.1 69.9 74.1 57.1 70.6 61.0 67.2 85.0 16.7 45.7 33.0 39.4 21.5 23.9 22.6 18.5 28.6 20.6 32.5 29.2 6.5 3.6 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.4 14.3 8.8 I 2.5 5.5 4.3 1.0 2.6 In Per Cents Opinion No Opinion | II i In l f k | «. 1 1 I r t111,11in1' i i 11111111111 llllllllllll II A second measure worthy of consideration is the organization of a committee or council to bridge the gap between Negroes and whites by provid ing a means of communication between them. As indicated, the evidence points to little contact except in work relationships between the two groups. With no means of contact between them so that ideas may be exchanged, the possibility of rumors among both groups is greatly increased. Rumors often build up tensions to a point where physical violence becomes the only course of action. This was a part of the background of the serious race riots in Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia of relatively recent years. in Pasco more frequently than segregation in their own city, It appears that the whites tend to think of segregation in terms of residence and keeping the Negroes apart from the whites in a physical sense. The first measure to be undertaken to reduce race tension is to give wide publicity to the fact that the size of the Negro population is greatly exag gerated by the whites and that future increases of the Negro population, if any, are likely to be small and that more probably there will be a decline in the Negro population. The idea that the Negroes will increase in numbers and will soon dominate Pasco and the surrounding area should be laid bare as the fantastic rumor it is. This single measure should go far in reducing tension. IfIl I 1 Race tension is not just a question of fairness to minority groups. Many people live in this country who desire to improve the status of Negroes because they believe that the American way of life does not permit with justi fication discrimination and widely segregated groups, be they racial, economic, employers and employees, or religious. That is, today, a problem and issue of national scope, and may be outside this analysis. The evidence cited above points to several measures which should be taken not only to reduce tension between the two groups but to improve the atti tudes of residents toward their community and in the final analysis make it a more desirable place in which to live. Opinions of Old and New Residents of Pas co-Kennewick Con cerning the question, “In general, do you think segregation would solve the Negro problem in Pasco and Kennewick?” If such an inter-racial council is to work it must have the confidence of both whites and Negroes. This may be obtained by carefully selecting per sons who represent major groups -- new and old residents, skilled, unskilled and semi-skilled, white collar labor, Protestants, Catholics and all who are in terested in reducing tensions now present. The present official leaders should play a minor role at most in this work. The Negro group has little confidence in them and might not react favorably to any group dominated by them. Regardless of one’s values and inclinations on this larger issue the problem remains that race tension can seriously limit the satisfaction a com munity affords to its members. A community in which the issue of race is written in large letters, in which the majority group is worried that the minor ity group will upset their traditional place of dominance and the minority group does not feel a part of the community and therefore is directing its energy to ward improving its own position, cannot be expected to have the energy to tackle with full force the other problems which may confront it. 4SJTJ aqj UJ -02.--12.- s;duia|}r ajqjspaj jjp aqutu oj sj 'uipiSord p ipns joj ‘ajnu jpuauaS y aqj uas/Ajaq Sujpupjsjapun jo SujuaqjSuajj anssj aapj aqj oj uojjnjos juaupiurad p paAajjaq Xaqj jj tcre.1S0.1d pi jnjjqnop st jj ‘sonijAx jo uaqrunu pSjpj p qjjjA jjpap aq pjnoqs uojjnjos juaupiuuad p •sajjojs papunojun aqj jpqiuoa Xjjnjssaaans oj japro uj ‘sjapj [pai aqj jo Xjjajjqnd jjnj OApq pjnoqs juaiudojaAap ujaqj jo saSpjs Xjjpa aqj X qjjM jjpap aq pjnoqs qojq/A sjotcmjc ‘osjy •j.auupiu jpojjj.io-uou pup jnjdjaq p ^x paAjoAuj sajjjpd aqj oj pajauupqa aq pjnoqs apPtu pup jpqj suojjppuatutuoaar _ 'aapjins aqj jgpun rapjnoius saaupApjuS Sujjjaj Xq paujpS st Sujqjojq ‘poojs i pup Xjjsauoq pajuasajcd aq pjnoqs sdnouS qjoq jo sajqsap pup sjsarajuj aqj, j®dnoj8 o/aj aqj uaaMjaq Sujpupjsuapunsjur pup Sujjaaj-jjj jo saaupjsuj jjp aapjuns aqj oj Sujuq oj Xjjpajpojuad jaaiu pjnoqs jj pazT.upS.xo st jjaunoa p jj ■Xjja aqj uiojj Xptap Xpjs oj ajdoad ajjqM. ■xaqjo sp jjom sp sajjjsnpuj aauaxqjuj oj sajajjod qans joj ajqjssod ajjnb sj ■si9A.i9sqo pajjjjpnb Xq XjqpjoApj uodn paqooj jou st Xjujpjuaa ‘ajnap auoiu ajp qajq/A uojjpujiujrasjp jo sajajjod jpaoj qSnorqj sujpS Xjiunmuioo p qajq/A uojjpjndaj aqj; -pauouSj aq jou pjnoqs suojjpjoj aapre jajjaq jo sjaadsp ruuaj Suoj aqj ‘arojaiaqj; reajp aqj uj aq jjjm uojjpjndod o-rSajq ou Xjajprujjjn jpqj jnj -jqnop XjqSjq st jj •aajpnfa.rd pup uojjpujiuj uasjp aonpai oj iup.iSo.id aSupi Suoj p apnjauj pjnoqs ‘Xjjajjjaads Sujqapj qSnoqj ‘uojjppuaiutuooaj pujqj y *uj ajdoad ajjqM aas ajdoad asoqj oj jpjjiujs sajou ut saorSaj^ upqj jaqjpj saauarajjjp sazjspqdiua jj *ajjj Xjjuniuuioa jo jjpd jpjSajuj up jou ajp saojSajq aqj jpqj suojssardruj uoiuiuoa aojorujar pup anujjuoa Xjuo suojjap qans jpqj jauj aqj sj ‘jaAa/Aoq ‘jupjcroduij auojAj ■sao.rSajq Xq paiuoajaM jou st qaiqAi rusjjpujajpd jo araqdsorujp aqj Xupa Xpiu os op oj; ■saijjAijap Xjjuntuiuoa ut aapi jo stuuaj ut Xjajos paujiap dnorS ouSajq aqj jo saAjjpjuas -audau aApq oj sjduiajjp Sujqpiu st papjoAp aq pjnoqs jpqj Sujqj buq ■saojSajq aqj oj suojjpjbj aapi jajjaq jo uapunq jajqa aqj sjjiqs uojjjsod p qang ’sajjq/A aqj jo asoqj oj jajjprpd sasjud -rajua jpjajaunuoa pup suojjpzjupS jo dn pjjnq saouSajq aqj jaj oj pup urniujujiu p oj sjapjuoa daaq oj ‘st jpqj; (‘Z£ 3Icl'ej. aag) ‘uojjpSauSas ruajqojd p Xq paAjos aq pjno/A aapj jo ruajqoud aqj jpqj qujqj oj sajjq/A joj Xspa st jj „ ’ > aiaM uojjpSauSas jqSnoqj sajiq/A aqj ut Suijpjadooo ut pajsajajur XreaA aq pjno/A sao-iSa^ jt ■snoupaaid appiu st uoysuaj Suianpaj jo tupjSojcd aSupct Suoj p Xq pajjoddns st jt sp Suoj sy -supaiu aAijaajja jjp sp uoijpSajSas jo papj aqj. •ajij Xjiuniuuioa oj uoijnqijjuoa jupajjiuSjs p aq pjnoAi paddpj jt qaiqM ‘diqsjappaj jpjjuajod Xjpajqnopun st ajaqj; •djqs.iappaj Jiaqj ut sao^Sajq aqj Suotup aauapxjuoa pajjpaq-ajoq/A oj juiod jou pip XaAins aqj jo aauapjAa aqj; ‘suoijisod dTqsj.appaj ut sjpnpTAipui asoqj oj uoijpdTaijjpd ojSajq jaS oj jdtuajjp jiaqj jajjjsaj io djqsjappaj ojSajq juasajtd aqj uo Xjajajdiuoa puadap jou pjnoqs suoTjpziupS.ro ‘XjTunuuuoa aqj ut djaq oj sao-rSa^ jno Suiqaas uj ■dnojS o-tSajq aqj jo jpaidXj os st qaiqM uorjp.rjsn.ij jo Suijaaj aqj asparaap upqj reaqjpj asparaui oj puaj pjnoM arnjjpj siqj; ‘sdno-iS o/aj aqj jo s.raqiuaiu roj saijrunjjoddo jpnba ut jjnsar jou pjno/A suojjpztupSjo Xjiuniuuioa pajpSarSas pup ajpjpdas dojaApp oj jdiuajjp Xup ‘suospar asaqj .iojj • suoijpziupSjo ajpjpdas Surpjinq joj Aipjp oj qaiq/A uo saainosai apaipj spq dnonS orSajq aqj jpqj supatu sjqj; retups aqj jou aip sjoaoj jprauaS aqj ‘sajiq/A Xupiu upqj uoijpanpa uajparS pup aiuoouj raqSiq qjTM saorSajq Xupiu arp araqj qSnoqjjy ’ajqpqordrut Xjba saauias pup uoijpz -iupS.ro ajqpjpdiuoa jo juoiuutpjjp saqpiu sdnonS omj aqj jo sjaAaj jpuoijpanpa pup aruoaui ut saauajajjjp djpqs aqj ‘aapjd puoaas aqj uj ‘sajiq/A aqj jo asoqj oj jspjjuoa ut najjns pjnoAi saojSajq joj saaiAiias pup suotjpztupS.io ajpjpdas ‘aajSap aSipy p qans oj saorSajq aqj raqrunujno sajiq/A aqj uaqj^Y •suorjpjndod •raSjipj Xq pajcroddns aq upa stuprSord jpuoijpanpa rapporeq pup ‘jauuosjad pup saauias jpaipatu pazijpjaads arotu ‘asjpupqaraiu jo saujj aAisuajxa bjoiu Xjjpo upa sa-tojs ‘ajdrupxa roq 'uojjpjndod i:a8jpj p Xq paAondtui si suotjpz -iubSio Xupiu jo ssauaAijaajja aqj ‘aapjd jsjij aqj uj -sjjuiij jpaijapitd aqj uiqji/A jou Xjuipjraa si jt ‘ajqjssod Xjjpaija.roaqj aq Xpru juatudojaAap qans qSnoqjjy •Xppajjp spq Xjiuniutuoa jpjoj aqj jpqj jaAaj amps aqj oj saojSajq aqj Xq padojaAap aq pjnoa ‘ajdrupxa roj patunssp si jt ‘sassauisnq jipjaj pup ‘saqarnqa ‘sjooqag ■sajrq/A jo suojjpzjupS.ro paqsjjqpjsa aqj oj jpnba azjs pup ssauaAjjaajja jo •pjsp/a ajtuouoaa pinsqp up Sujaq sapjsaq ‘aauajojA jpajsXqd oj puaj jqSjru pup tuaqj Xq uojj -jsoddo aisAas uj jjnsaj Xjpajqnopun pjnoa saorSajq aqj uo uojjpSarSas .raqj-xnJ aa.roj oj SujXjj Xq puajcj sjqj jsujpSp oS oj; -uojSujqspjo ajujg aqj Sujpnjauj ‘sajpjs jpjbaos uj uojjpjsjSbj juaruXojdtua jjpj aqj pup sjqSjcr jjajo jpao sanssj juasand aqj uj uaas aq Xpiu sp ‘sadoq asaqj uj auojp jou sip saonSajq aqi PUV sappaap roj ppq aApq saorSajq juqj sadoq aqj oj uojjjsoddo jaarjp uj sj sdno.r8 otaj aqj uaajAjaq jajqSjj aujj aqj A\prp oj; -op sajjqAi sp jsnf sajjjAjjap sjj uj aj^dja -jjcrpd oj pup Xjjuniuuioa aqj jo sraquiatu aq oj jupm Xaqj; -ajdoad ojSajq J saijsap pup sapnjjjjp aqj Xjajajdiuoa sajouSj jj jpqj sj tuajqord aqj aAjos pjno/A uojjpSajSas jpqj napj aqj uj ssauqpa/A jupjaodurj jsotu aqj Xjqjssod •pajujoddp arp sajjqM. sp sp-rppupjs biups aqj Xq saajjjtuiuoa oj saorSajq jujoddp oj sj dajs jxau aqj. ‘paSpjnoaua aip sajjq/A sp lauuptu biups aqj uj sajjjAjjap Jjaqj uj ajpdjajjjpd oj saorSajq aSprnoaua oj srappaj uojjpzjup8.io .roj sj dajs js.rjj aqj; •aurjj aiuos roj atuoa jou jjjza suojjpzjupS.ro uj jjratu io sjspq uo suojjjsod aAjjaaja oj saorSajq jo asj^j ‘pajaadxa aq jouupa jqSjuiaAo aaupjdaaay ‘uojjpS -arSas jo spjajj Sujmoijpu upqj xaqjpj Sujpuajxa uj jajjaq ppaudsapjM aqj uiorj juanajjjp ajjnb sj jj asnpaaq srappaj uojjpzjupSro jo jrPd aqj uo aSprnoa jparS arjnbaj jjjm Xajjod p qans aqpjrapun oj; ‘sajjqM aqj Xq saorSajq jo aaupjdaaap najpanS aq jjj/a araqj XjjpnppnS ‘op suosrad ajjq/A sp jsnf ‘sdnonS jpjopj-uou jo saAjjpjuasardaj sn jnq dnorS o-iSajq aqj jo saAjjpjuasardar sp jou ajpdjajjjpd upa saoiSajq jj ‘ssorg paH puu ‘jsaqQ Xjjunruiuog) ‘suojun ctoqpj ‘uojSjjar ‘yj.d sp qans suojjpzjupSjo uj arpjupr io Xjjajjqnd Xup jnoqjj/A sajjjAjjap Xjjunur -ruoa jo sjuoao jo asjnoa jpiujou aqj uj jaqjaSoj sajjqM pup saorSajq Sujrq oj sjduiajjp ajqjspaj jjp aqpiu oj sj ‘ruprSord p qans joj ‘ajnr jpreauaS y "sdnorS o/aj aqj uaaMjaq Sujpupjsjcapun jo SujuaqjSuajjs p pup aajpnfaiid jo uojjanp -ar p prp/Aoj jujod pjnoqs uojsuaj aanpar oj iup.rSo.rd gSupi Suoj Xuy suojjpzjupSro dn pjjnq upa saouSajq aqj jpqj uojjdtunssp juanbauj p sj araqj ‘aapjd jsjjj aqj uj ‘sassauqpa/A joCpiu aauqj jspaj jp spq jujodrAajA p qang ur m - ■ *lspun suoTjpziupS.ro iupS.ro suojjpzjupS.ro suojjpzjupS.ro J U (*1z£ sjqpj 33S) ’qsupjq ;u3uiuj:3ao£) jpaoq; pjpMO j sapnjtjjy •suoiuido ayqp joapj passaidxa }uao sjooqog pjPMO J STOOHDS□ NVIN3HNH3ADD A HSIdVHD •aAtsuajxa jou st suosiad jo uotjpdtaijjpd aqj -oid pup saijtAtjap jooqas saaw asaqj ut jpqj no tut do oun paqaaqa spajp omj ; _ .. ------ , jgj oj o? J° uotjpjndod uotjpjndod juasajd aqj jj apnjjVlV satjiAtjop Xjtuniuiuoa ut sjooqas aqj qjiM pajptaossp •atjqnd jpjauaS aqj oj uA\otq jou ojp suuajq — —-------- sjsaSSns stqj, 'sjooqas jtaqj uo asaqj ut sjuapisaj aqj jo pjtqj auo isaq q quauiui3Ao§ Xjia jo saqoupjq jsjom aqj pup pajaptsuoo aq jpqM paqsp spm jpnptAtput aqj, •uoijpjSiixi aqj jo srnjaj ut pautpjdxa aq ‘ajojajaqj ‘jouupo otjqnd aqj pup sjooqas aqj uaaMjaq uotjpa -tunujujoo jo qopj juapjAO stqq •qatMauua^j joj jpqj satutj aajqj st dnojS jajjpj aqj §uoiup uuotutdo oun jo aauajpAajd aqj ‘sjuapisaj pjo aqj op upqj suoiuido jomoj aApq ‘ajtqM pup ojSajfq qjoq ‘oospd jo sjuapisaj mbu aqj qSnoqjjy ■saqoupjq jsaq„ aqj ut uotutdo ou joj sajnStj jpjiujis qjiM ‘saqoupiq u jsjom,, aqj uo uotutdo ou oapS sjuapisaj ajtqM Mau aqj jo juaa jad gg j3ao ‘satjta qjoq uj H’|SjoMn jo ujsaqM sp saqoupjq aioui jo auo pajpotput sajtqM pjo aqj jo uotjjodojd ja -q§tq Xjqpjaptsuoa p qaiMauua^j pup oosp^ qjoq ui jpqj SMoqs ajqpj siqj, aSpjuaajad qStq aqj •qatMauua^j ui upqj oosp^ ui sapnjtjjp ajqpjoApjun •pasjaApj aq jouupo ajqpjoApj ojpm jo aSpjuaajad aqj ui spbjp aajqj aqj Suouip saouajajjtp asaqj, -joapj pajpaiput ppq juaa jad £g ‘pajp anuaAy ptqixnqog aqj uj u*suoiuido ou„ passajdxa oqM pojp anuaAy pup oasPcj ui sjuapisaj pjo pup Mau qjoq jo ----------i ajoiu qaiqM suoiuido •suoiuido ajq^ •suoiuido ajq^ _ jaMO[ qanui 8jom sajnStj qjoq oasqj uj ‘suoiuido ajqpjoApj passajux^ +u.o^ jad 2,8 jo jpjoj y *qof pooS p Suiop ojom Xaqj jqSnoqj juaa jad gg pup *qo[ juojiss^9 up Suiop ojom sjooqas aqj jqSnoqj sjuapisaj pyo pup Mau qjoq jo juaa jod 6^ ‘qatMauua^j uj u £ Suiop ajp sjooqas jpaoj aqj quiqj noX op ‘SutpMOja oqj -japtsuoa ‘qof p jo putq juq^,, :spm paqsp uoijsanb aqj •qof jood p Suiop ajs^ sjooqas aqj jpqj jqSnoqj paMaiAjajut asoqj jo juaa jad aajqj Xjuq •ajqpJOABj 9J9M sjooqas pjpMoj sjuapisaj qatMauua^j pup oasp^ jo suoiuido aqj, i • satjiunjjoddo juamXoxduia pSupj Suoj aqj jo suijaj ui patjtjsnf aq Xptu saijturej qqj pup os uaaMjaq joj iupj§ojd y •uo jojpj saijiujpj ajiqM Xq asn aSpjnoaua jou ppnoM uoijppoj Jiaqj pup sjtun Sutsnoq aqj jo azts aqj, *9stMun aq pjnoM uoijpjndod juasaud aqj qjiM auij ui §uisnoq juaupuuad joj urejSojd ajpas aSjpj p ‘XjsnotAqo ’jpmsup poo§ ou st sjaqj qaiqM joj auo st saojSajq Xq paapj majqojd Suisnoq juasajd aqj ‘uoijsanb aSjpj p suipiuaj uotjpjndod ojSajq aqj jo azts ajnjnj aqj gsnpaag •pupjqaiy; qjjojq ut sp qans ‘ajaqMasja jas suotjpjnSaj apis §uojp pajns -paui aq pjnoqs jas aq oj spjppupjs aqj, ’paMojjp si uoijputtmjastp jo jouinj jo Xjijiqtssod ou jpqj os juauiaajojua qans jo jaadsp jpiapj-uou aqj aziajjqnd oj apprn aq pjnoqs sjdmajjp jjy -aopj oj aouajajaj jnoqjtM suotjpjnSaj asaqj §uiajojua pup ‘pajp oj aouajajaj qjiM sjbjipjj jo SuipMoja-joao ‘saaijapjd pup ‘juamdinba ‘uoijpjiups oj aouajajaj qjiM sdixipa jbjipjj joj spjppupjs ptSiJ Xjjipj Sutqsijqpjsa ut uotjap Xjtuniutuoa Xq si qapojddp ajqtspaj jsoui aqj jpqj jpaddp pynoM jj ‘saojSajq aqj Suouip uoisuaj jo aajnos p Xjuipjjao st qaiqM uiajqojd ajpipauimt aqj qanoj Xyuo pjnoM ‘jaAaMoq ‘txipjSojd p qang piquinjoQ aqj ui ui satj uoijpupjdxa aqj, ou ojom ajaqj ‘st jpqj, jo aSpjuaajad aqj ui -joapj Sutssajdxa ‘juaa jad gg jo jpjoj p ‘juaa jad gg pup juaa jad gg- sjqpj, aag) ’qoupjq ujsJOMit Xup jo qaupjq ujsaq„ Xup jaqjta ajpotpui jou pip juaa jad g^ Xjajptuixojddp ‘ajdures jpjoj aqj uj qpnpiAtput aqj oj uaAt§ spm jsij ojq ' ~~ ->cT(->aa am t.ttt, saqaupjq jsaq aqj aq oj pajapisuoa aq jpqM paqsp spm jpnpiAiput aqj •sjuapisaj pjo aqj jo aSpjaAP aqj qapojddp jjim sjuapisaj Mau aqj jo a§p jooqas jo uajpyiqo jo jaqurnu pup spjoqasnoq aqj jpqj japj aqj oj anp st siqj ‘sjpaX uaj jxau aqj ut jjnsaj pjnoM juaa jad g? oj o? J° uotjpjndod yooqas aqj ui aspajoui up ‘utpiuaj pjnoqs ----- •g *7 I aidrnag R°IL'SrfL'^ 0*001 g*g? g* 6*7 1'87 ajduaag pqoj;b*gg anuaAy atqttrrqoo lajoj,g*92.g*g2. 0*001 6*2.1 9‘ L'^ Si'Ll g'6g sjuaptsatf pTO jajoj 0*001 g*ig g*i g*sg g‘8? sjuaptsad Majq I^oj, 0‘00T g*gg 6*g 6*gg 6*7 0*001 L’l 7*8b 2*g pauot4sanO sdnooQ mo j. pauotjsanb sdnoaQ^uanaaxj bg aim gg saavi -fL--SL- JsaoM ajaatpui oj pan's.4 sjuaQ iad uj 7*6b 8‘Tb i*gg 7*sg rgg 9'7b b*2.g 0*07 }sag apeatpui oj pajtad I*Ib b*77 o*2.g T*bb 7'2.g rig rsb g*2.g spuapisay; Man isjoj, sajtqM saoaSajq S}UapiS3£[ M9N OOSBd OOSBd IS^Ol sjuaptsan pio 0*001 0’001 0*001 0*001 0*001 0*001 0*001 0*001 z.*9g b*77 o*og 6*sg o*g9 1*7 1*7 l'<7 2/g b*g g*2. 9'bg b*6g 8*67 9'6? o*og b*sg 8*67 g*gb 9'97 rgg 1'81 8'2.7 o*g g'6b g '6b b'6b anuaAy ar qua iq 09 jujoj; gSpiapisas pio sjuaprsan Majq anuaAy aiquinjoo oasuj ipjoj; sjuaptsay pio spiapisan M8M jajoj, saimM saoaSaN sjuaprsay- Majq oased ^aiMauuaq l«joi szpiapisan pio spjtaptsan Majq qatM.auua}j uorutdo °N 7*8 6'11 rg ^sjooqas aaqjo ^aood ^poocT xreqi asio^ Xjjaad uorutdo ~ —— s^uao aad uj sjuapjsa-1 Xjrunuattioa jo ruaiqoad y L‘ g*i qutqj noX op |uauiuraAo§ ^po l \ layearpui 04. Suiiyeji aauy qaiAiauua>i siuaptsay aiiq^-ojiSaKi pio pua /Aajq jo uoiijodoad qaT/Aauuax la^oj, spraprsaH pio siuaptsay; wafi qaiMauua^i M“qo[aood a u‘qof pooS Xnaad a u£}s.iom aqi aaa quiqi noX op luauiuaaAoS X^ra aqi jo saqa -upjq peqM„ :pus u i, isaq aqi aaa :_ . _ aqi jo saqauaaq peqM„ - oasad ui < _ _ "iSuiop aaa siooqas laaoi aqj quiqj noX op ‘Suip/AoaaaaAo aqj Suiaapis ■ uoa ‘qpf jo pirtq JsqM„ ‘uoijsanO 3tn Srquaaauoo qar/Aauua>i -oasad jo sjuaptsad ajiqM-oaSaiq Atajq pua pio jo suoimdQ -Sas srqj ‘jaAOMopi •sjajoj aqj tn paprqaut st juatu "jtiaatjtuSts aq oj XaoSajea qaaa ut natus ooj saaqturqq u*siooqas ;soui treqj bsjom aaa Xaqj^, :paqaaqa juaurajejs Stttop aaa Xaqj qtttqj. 1„ :paqaaqa juairiajajs Sutop aaa Xaqj quiqj I„ :paqaaqa juatuajajg u,qoC juanaaxa ua Sutop aaa Xaqj,,, :pa/AatAjajut uosiad Xq paqaaqa juatuaj.ajg • • ■gaaa aqi SutA-eai paaAioj sapnjtpja aSu-eqa oj Xauapuaj a sa qazA sa Xjtuntutuoa aqi °+ aidoad asaqj jo juauiqaajja aqj asaaaaut Xipajqnopun pino/A juatuuaaAoS iaaoi tit jsaaajut aajaa.ro ‘Xyrunuaixioa aqj uoj SutSuoiaq„ jaX jou jo Sujiaaj laaauaS aqi °l paqeiaa Xiasoia st stqj Xipajqnopufj •uotjaztuaSao sjt ao juamuaaAoS iaaoi aqj J° jo aapt amn aAaq suosaad jsour Xjjuaaaddy ‘ju3luuj;3ao§ isaoj ataqj ut sjuapj59,1 Mau aqj jo jsaaajut aqj asaaaaut oj st saapaaj Xjtuntuuioa jo uaaiqoad y aajaa.ro •I CD co to spsppuap joO(-i9’ 0’0 L‘ S" a> 3a> a> CD6’7 SJOpOOp XOOjP9’P b’9 8’9 opuppdsoq joOj-j6'79’8 6’019'Z CD9’67 spsppuap moj ooj; CD8’19 9'99 9’07 CD I‘b9 6’9P sasinu paupujp Maj oojb’79 8’17 s co Osiopop maj ooj,I ’89 9’91 9'79 b’99 pupidsoq u ppuuis oojl9‘8b 9’01 0'79 1’19 papaapas uosuayeajy axipa snuaAy upquurqoQ 5T3TMaUUap>J O3SUJ 3 CO o CD o 99 3WI co cd co Do w CO CD CH S tn s 3 DO co CH CD O o o CD s -11- -9Z- ■puuaijpuBps pu are s^ns -aj aqp ‘oasucp ui puatupjudap qppuaq sip puu ‘saippa qpoq J° spauippdap ajpj aqp pxa/Ao; sapnppppu apquuoAuj aqp pup ‘piMauuay up uuapsXs paajps aqp 'oasqj up puampjudap aappod aqp pjuMop sapnppppu apquaoAujun aqp uiojj apisy apunbapuup aja/A. sapppppaujj puappapAp ppa^p oq/A 9S°qi Xq ispn qaaqQ u ujojj papaapag su aaiy anuaAy ppqmnpoQ -oasucP-qapMauua^p aqp jo sapppppaujp puappapAp joo^ joj suosuay o 3 f—« cn JD S Z O o o o o CD 2 O O O O o o I I co On i I i I o o I I I I I I I I I I co on 1 I i i 3 2 i4^ O CO 05 fP Cd 05 cn CO Co O 3 cn cn CD 3 tr CD 3 O 3 CL CD CL CD 3 CD OQ O o o cr CD CD CD -O hfx CD CD CO CD O CO CO o < CD 3 3 CD DO to •— DO CO CO O *-* CD CD CD Cn a CD CD CO 00 CD CO CD co -J CD DO 3 CD cn CD 3 < & 3 CL O CD O 3 Cn a o 3 CD < CD 3 3" O 3 3 CT O 3 4—■ CD 3 o' fr H o 3 2 CD O *3 i—> CD O 3 3 3 O a CD 4—j cn" 3 2 CD 3 CD 3 CD 3 r-b o' 3 3 r-4 o’ 3 c~b o' 3 I CD 3 3 O l f £ o 3* CD b CD 3 CD 3 3 CD 3 w CD ffq B CD 3 B CD CL o' 3 CD 3 < CD £ CD CL •uosubj auo uuqp ajoiu asoip paMapAjapup asoqp asnuaaq (gj apquq aas) apunbapuup ujbm sappppiauj puappaw: pqSnoqp oqM asoqp jo saSupuao-tad punba pou op spupoj. cd CO 4-.t4 CD 2 O C q o o o o c O CD O CD O O O CD co O CD O CD to to »— CD co co lA to 3 co o CD w 2 w 3 w > aa s w 3 CD CD w Q.' CD 3 cn 3 cd 9^ 3 3 CD CD CD W -9 2 CD >-• 3 3 f CD cn a 3 3 3 cn o W CD cn a CD » • B" S CDW DO CO 4- >_> .CD CD CO 05 via 3 I 3 3 O O C O 3 cn 3 c CD 3 1 <~b o' 3 CD CL 3 CD 3 O 3“ o 3 CD Crq O 1 o 3 3 CD H. O 3 ' 3 3 CD CD CL cr 3 CD 3 cn 0 3 o 3 CL 3 CD -ffq CD cn CD X O | CD 3 CD 3 o o O 2 o CD co O CD co to co ►3 0^; 05 co co 8 B. o’ 3 J CL 2. W CD CD W a CD 3 cn t-1 *-* to 2 ~J 4-> co co CD CD 3 3 “ 32 ° & 2 co 2 43 43 co CD 2 2 2 CD CD CO r-4 3- tr CD O 3 3 S 3 CD I CL 3 3 CD CL o' 3 CD ffq 3 ~ 0o CL cn 3“ 3 3 CD 3 j-. . 3 „ . w PT CL 2 CO CD OQ O O CL 3 t~b CD 3 2 o' 3 43 - aq CD 2 CD cn 2 'a - ; CL *u ►§ — j—« CD oq a tr cd 2 CD ~u 3 f- CD 3 CD < y1 3 - 2 2 wco CD 3- X- PT CD CD CD CL CL CL 3* 3- V 9 U 3 ° 2° c' 3 tn 3 •qaupaq psjoM aqp sb spaaj.ps pauoipuaui pjpqp-auQ ‘saqauujq upsj:oM„ 9TH uo xiopuido jo uoppujpuaauoa jpppcups ou sum ajzaqp qap/Aauua^p up ‘saqaupjq psaq aqp jo auo su uaappod11 bauS spuappsaa. ppo aqp jo puaa jad g uuqp ssaq •Xpddns japuM aqp jo uoppujpspupuupu stXppa aqp psupuSu saojSapq jo psapojd aqp uuqp jaqSiq sp spqJL yaappod” papuappui dno-iS siqp jo puaa jad BApj-XpuBAag -puauuujaAoS Apia aqp J° saqauujq psjo/A aqp jo auo sum puampjudap aaipod aqp puqp sum odsuj jo spuapps -aj ppo aqp jo ‘Suppuodsau asoqp Suornu puamaajcSu jusiaAiun psorn aqj, Q Ho 3 O KH S 2 r 1 4-rf CD 2 CD 3 (/) “ 4— W CL 4- CD 3 cn H r 2. o £ p c n ? & 2 CD .. * 2 f- CD CD cn B 2 cn cd cn a CD 3 w Co CD to 2 ca CO *-* *O to ^uoipuaop qaua up poMapAjapup pupop jo puaa xaj Q CD 3 2 B cr 3 > < CD 3 3 CD 2. O O br cr pr CD 0) 3 O § S.'g o I 3 CL O 3^2 CL o CD 3 ►Q 3 3 CD •O CD O I ' I CD 3 cn O 4-h 2 3 cn . o CL O I 2 CD B fu 3 O CD Z 2 o' o' - W > -=> 3 3“ CD O CD cn *3 Q 2 O 21 % cn q - 3 3 i ■ajpuuuoipsanb aqp op §uipuodsaj spuappsaj aqp jo puaa -tad 07 jbao Xq upsaqit su pauoppuam sum oasujj up puauip-iudap qppuaq aqj, «,:)-s9Cl„ su passupa Xppuanbajj psouu bjbm saipia qpoq jo spuampjudap ajpj aqj. B’P htf o 3 O O B 2 3 CDcn 2 O 2 K3 .. 3 6 a - 3 CD 2 3 2; ■ Cr CD O. ffq a> 3 3 CD o H w w cn p up •auius aqp Xpapumpxojddu sp saqauujq upsaq„ puu saqauuxq itpsa:oM„ aqp uoppuauu op Supuppaap spuappsaj ppo jo aSupuaajad aqp oasu£ up o 03 <’ o 3 CD 2 3 cr q o PD o 3 O ffQ o n> 3 3 ffq O cn 6q '3. 3' O 3 o 3 3 CD o’ CD PT cn CL O 3 cn L CHAPTER VI HEALTH AND RE CREA TION Section 1, Medical Facilities Table 36 shows that people have neither lack of confidence in the ser vices they are getting, nor complaints concerning the professional quality of doctors, dentists, or nurses. Their complaint is the insufficiency of services in all branches of medical service. Most frequent response was that the hos pital is too small. The response in Pasco was greater than in any other area in terms of the proportion of Pasco people who were dissatisfied with medical service. Table 36 shows that in Pasco this complaint is more common than in Kennewick or along Columbia Avenue. Since the hospital is located in Pasco, and since the older residents generally deplored the lack of medical facilities in greater proportion than the newer, it would seem that Pasco takes a more serious view of its responsibility to the region for hospital care than the other areas. This impression is strengthened by the steps which have been taken since the survey was begun to increase the capacity of the Pasco hospital. The opinions obtained concerning satisfaction with medical facilities show a need for more hospital beds, doctors, dentists, and nurses. Improved hospital facilities will attract more doctors, but whether they will be in suffi cient numbers to give satisfactory service is a moot question. Direct moves to attract dentists to the area should be attempted at once. It would be in the interest of the communities’ welfare to make medical and dental care more readily available to the trailer population, specifically in East Pasco and along Columbia Avenue. There is general dissatisfaction in the area with the available medi cal facilities. Almost two thirds of those interviewed thought they were inade quate. Table 35 shows this opinion is uniform for all groups. It is most strongly held by persons living in the Columbia Avenue area. In Pasco and Kennewick proper it is more strongly held by the old residents than by the new. Over 40 per cent of the Negroes have no opinion of the matter, which may be because they have had no occasion to use medical facilities. This lack of opinion, if it actually reflects lack of contact, is as serious as an ad verse opinion. The happiness of the individuals who live in a community depends, in art upon the adequacy of facilities for health and for recreation. Poor health facilities and poor opportunities for wholesome recreation, particularly for youngsters, encourage insecurity and frustration. They affect the qualify of living in a community and are important factors in the improvement of com munity life. ‘.jpaja Xiquuospa-i •paijsTjussip 0'001 9'9 2'91 6*62 9'9b 0'9 aidiupg jpjoj. :? uoTjoag 9'02.b‘920'001 8'990'697'90'001 suioog paqsiuinjl 2'999'199'90*001 9'998'10'001 I^JOJ,jujoi pauoijsanb set no .ig siuap J 9J U1 sJuaD JOcj uj 89 3d9Vl 2.9 anayj: -18- ~08- joocT Xjlba 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'00 I 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 0'001 L'Z 2’9 1*2 8'1 9'2 8‘b 9'1 9'2. b‘2 0'b L ‘6 I b‘2. 6'19 VL 0'99 2'9 0'9 6'8 b'62 9'82 9'62 9'9 9'22 gJOOd 9'62 0'99 9'92 8'2.2 9'22 b'2.2 6'92 9'09 I 'bb 8‘2b 9 'bb 8'62 0'09 6'Tb 1'19 0'99 6'19 9*2. 8*b9 1'2.9 9'bb 9'9? 9'82 6'92 9'99 9'98 8'9 9'b 6'8 8'b 0'2. iQi/AStiuajj iujoj. sjuapisa^j piQ SJUapTSB^J AS.8N qaiAxauua^ b'9 9'9 9'2. ru 9'2 anuaAy piquinjoo jujoj. sjuapisaa PIO sjuapisay; Asajq anuaAy piquinioQ oasaj lajoj. sjuapisay; pio sjuapisay A\aq i?ioi sajiqM sao jSajq sjuapisay; Majq OaSPJ sjuapisay; pio lajoj, sjuapisajj M.ajq jpjoj. sjuauijxpdp Suipniaui sjaqjQ 'b '9 '2 'I zpooo ijuajjaaxa Aja-id uoiuidQ £.pooH Xjja-rdl Uoiufdo °N st uotjpjtups aqj ‘on,, st uotjpjtups aqj quiqj 1„ st uotjpjtups aqj quiqj 1„ _ _ u ---------- , -poAS.3TA.iai.TiT uosjad Xq paqaaqa juauiajpjg ' SUOTUldo ajiuijap _ „_T_ ui saijijTapj Xapjtups ssauispaun jpaj§ passa.idxa aidoad asoqj. ^oodT^ Xjqpqo id suoTTixdo UOTUldo X,JUSI IO ON -Isox3 Jjpaja Xjqpuospai: aie suoisnjouoa inod oq/A asoqj SurpnjauT ‘iood st uotjpjtups JLiaqj jpqj jdoad aqj jo p-iiqj auo upqj ssai op qaiAs.auuay[ jo sjuapisaj pio aqj •pasn jspaj io ajpnbapp jspaj aqj st aiaa jpaTpam ajaqAi sjuiod "paijstjpssip sip sjajjaAxp .xaiip.ij sadXj Xq uotjpjtups 04 suotioubj SA\oqs sip sjaiiuj:!. ajaqAS. psip up ‘spruiii aps aiq^ej. aag) • apenbap-eui sism ) Suoi"e Sutati asoqi jo piao xad sqpia} 3atj pup usAas-XiqSiig auo ISAQ u qaua ut Maj ooj, :paqaaqa puamapsps :paqaaqa ;uatuaps;g 'g ipaqaaqa puatuape;s _> puauua;upg • { „ ‘ Jood Xj3A r 'W I stqp ut afqtjjap st uotpu;tuus aq; ‘ojq„ :paqaaqa ;uauia;a;g piood X;;a.id st uotpe;tuus aq; qutq; i„ :paqaaqa ;uauiape;s u*poo8 X;;ajd st uotpeptu-es aq; qutq; 1„ :paqaaqa ;uamape;s puapaaxa st uotpeptuus aq; ‘sax,, :paMatAja;ut uosatad Xq paqaaqa ;uauiape;s •sai; Xaq; qatq/A tapun wu rT__ ’ >a aq X-[aqtq pinoAt Xaq; [ ’suopipuoa Xia;xuBSun japun Suiai; ‘aia uslauiooJt) pus sjanaAtp jayisacx spa:upuu;s Xib;tubs jo •uotpelapisuoa petaads ;uaui qatqAA mujSoatd qpfuaq aq; ut spans aq; a-iu sans anuaAy •etqturqoo aq} pup oasud ;spg ut ;uatuai;;as onSaN 3qj. *7 s;tuft SutnaAAQ Xiitupj; aySutg jejnSad 9*19 r£g s;uaui;iBdn Sutptqatn ‘s-taq}O •e ain pane stq; ut oasipj no; .lapeAV paAoiduij *43aJ panpunq jsnaAas •tape/A Xuna o; uomuioa st pt ‘aAt; saonSajq aq; aiaqM sain aq; uj -pnszsq qppeaq u suav X-[ddns napeAA aq; pqSnoq; ;uaa nad g*28 ‘dTionS ojSajq aq; uj ('Ot' pus 69 sajqux sag) ’sdnonS n*5 u! ;ua;stsuoa st uotutdo stqj. -pu:szpq qppeaq e st Xjddns napuAs. aqp aAatjaq paAvatAxaput asoq; jo ;uaa xad uaAas-X;jtj[ Sutsnoq jo adX; Xq a£pooS st uaao; stq; ut uotpe; tuus aq; qutq; noX op ‘pexauaS ujtt luopsanf) aq; Sutuxaauoo spuaptsay anuaAy 'etqLUTqoo-qatZAauua}j-oasuc£ jo suotutdQ jojioocj ^pooo lo^puaqaaxg ■", ■■■! ■ ■ n — I ■mini - »i yi ■■ 11 suotutdQ -85--84- TABLE 42 Section 3: Recreation In Per Cents TotalNo opinionGroups questioned TABLE 41 In Per Cents Groups questioned No opinion Total 18,6 100.040.740.7 17.6 100.041.241.2 100.010.254.934.8Total Sample However, segment1. 14.8 59.3 2 5,9 13.5 53.0 23.5 30.2 52.4Total Sample 17.4 100,0 1. However, this segment is in Pasco New Residents Negro White Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Total New Residents Total Old Residents Too few in each category to be significant, eluded in the totals, 20.5 41.7 10.1 22.3 15.8 58.0 45.8 64. 6 67.3 65.8 10.0 22,2 17.0 13.8 15.4 21.5 12.5 25,3 10.4 18.4 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Total New Residents Total Old Residents Too few in each category to give reliable percentages, is included in the totals. 26.5 47,8 36.3 5.0 29.6 19.1 45.7 32.4 25.0 46.4 92.5 59.3 73.4 44,6 59.1 57,0 47.8 52,7 62.5 45.8 12.5 7.8 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 82.5 29.6 52,1 31.9 42.0 • 16.5 4.4 11.0 7.5 48.2 30.0 54.3 42.6 2.5 11,1 7,5 9,6 8,5 Opinions of Old and New Negro-White Residents of the Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Concerning the Question, “In general, do you think recreation facilities are adequate for adults ? ” feeling of the inadequacy of adult recreation facilities among the newer resi dents may arise partially from the fact that they have not formed contacts in informal groups to the same degree as the older residents. It may also stem from their lack of participation in community recreational facilities. Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents 1 Total Columbia Avenue Opinions ''Yes" “No” Opinions of Old and New Negro-White Residents of the Pasco- Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Concerning the Question, “In general, do you think the recreation programs are ade quate for the youth in this town, ? ’’ _ Opinion . “Yes” -No” Those who thought adult recreation facilities were inadequate were asked to indicate what facilities were needed. Almost three fourths of the Negroes mentioned a community recreation hall. A substantial number suggested a park and swimming pool. The residents on Columbia Avenue identified their recreation records with Kennewick, e.g., a swimming pool in Kennewick. In both groups the desires for improvement center around a Over half of those interviewed believe that recreation facilities for adults are inadequate. (See Table 42.) This belief is more prevalent among the new residents than among the old, and most prevalent among the Negroes (92.5 per cent). The old residents are evenly divided on the point. The greater must. Adverse opinions concerning the safety of the water supply are approxi mately 50 per cent in Kennewick and along Columbia Avenue. The adverse opinions are held by persons living in all types of dwellings. (See Table 40.) It is obvious that water supply in these areas needs to be improved. Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents 1 Total Columbia Avenue Xdnooo ajdoad Sujsnoq jo adXj aqj qjj/A Xjpaqjetu sstjpa Sujpayo jo jbaq ‘SujpMO JQ Sujsnojj jo adXj, ujajje<-j Sujsnojq aqj, *j uojjoag (« 5 D NI s n O H IIA HdXdVHD -98“ •aAjjoajja tuejSojd a xpns a^prn oj mbj ooj aje ajjeaqj a pue sjjaouoo uj pajsajajuj asoqj, ‘pajjsap jsotu a« ‘asjnoo-jjoS a pue ‘spunojS jjeq-jjos qjjM sqjed ‘sXajje Sup -jMoq ‘ll’eq aouep e Sujpnjouj ‘jajuao uopBaioai jedjojuntu a ‘oosed uj •sjjun Xjjtuej ajSujs SujXdnooo sjb spjoqasnoq aqj jo juao jad Qg ‘aouapjsaj jo jeaX qjjjj aqj Xq ‘sjjun Xjjtuej ajSujs uj tuaqj jo juao jad 09 Xjuo ‘sjajjejj uj bajj jtaX auo ueqj ssaj aqj tn paAjj aAeq ot[M sajjjtuej aqj jo jjeq joaq ‘sjatuooAcau aqj ‘jjed jsotu aqj joj ‘ait sjuapjsaj jajjejj aqj, (*£b ajquX aag) ‘XjoSajeo sjqj tn aje anuaAy ejqtunjogj Suoje spjoqasnoq aqj jo sqjjjj aajqj jnoqe pue sjajjejj Xdnooo ajoqM e sp pbjp aqj jo spjoqasnoq aqj jo qjjjj auo jnoqy 'spjoqasnoq jajjejj jo uojjjodojd aSjej aqj st uojjenjjs Sujsnoq s^bjp aqj uj juatuaja Sujqjjjs jsotu aqj, ‘uojjeajoaj jjnpe aAojdtuj pjnoM sajjjjjoej Xjejqjj jajjaq qujqj sajj -uouiui joujjsjq ‘qujj Sujjeqs e pue ‘sXajje SujjMoq ‘sajjjjjoej Sujouep aprqo -ut pjnoM qojqM jajuao uojjeajoaj Xjjuntutuoo e pue ‘sqjed ‘jood SujtutujMs •pars aqj jo tcna.iSo.id Sujsnoq ajnjnj aqj Sujuuejd ut jsjsse Xjjejjajetu pjnoqs qojq/A jejjajetu ojseq st tuaqj ut paujejuog ‘zaojjoj qojq/A sjajdeqo aqj jo suojjoas aqj tujoj sjoadse asaqj, •jj SujpjeSaj suejd jjaqj pue Sujsnoq jjaqj jnoq-e Xps ajdoad jeqM tuojj UMPjp aq oj suojsnjouoo aqj bjp jeq/A (g) pun faojjoejd ojut suotjuojut asaqj jnd oj Xaqj aip pajedajd jjbas. M.oq pue ‘Sujsnoq jjaqj SujAOjdtuj pjezAOj suojj -uajuj st ajdoad ajp jeqM fXdnooo /aou Xaqj Sujsnoq aqj pje/AOj pars aqj uj ajdoad jo sSujjaaj aqj aip jaq/A pue ‘paip aqj uj Sujsnoq Sujujaouoo sjoej aqj ajp jeq/A (j) :tuajqojd Sujsnoq aqj jo sjoadse aajqj qjjM Xjjjetujjd paujaauoo sj XaAins aqj, 'sajjjuntutuoo aqj uo suapjnq Sujsnoq jeuojjjppe paojoj seq qojqAt ‘pjojuejj pun puejqojQ je po/A uojjonjjsuoo jo asnpaaq aSpraAP aqj ueqj ajnoe bjoui uaaq seq jj ‘qojMauua^j pun oosPjj uj ‘uojjejq aqj jnoqSnojqj tuajqojd ajnoe up uaaq seq tuajqojd Sujsnoq aqj ‘jj jejyj PJJOjW aaujg •uojjdaoxa aqj ueqj jaqjej ajnj aqj sj anuaAy ejqtunjoQ Suoju pun naj-g ojSa^j aqj uj SujpMO jojcbao jeqj pue pap/Aojo-joao juao jad I £ sj eaje aqj jeqj sjeaAaj gp aiqaj; ‘uosjad jad uiooj auo sj djqsuojjejaj ajdoad-aoeds Xjojoejsjjes e pue SujpA\ojo-joao uaoMjaq aujj SujpjAjp pajdaooe Xjuotutuoo V 3lcl'BX 39S) -suiooj ajqejjeAe jo jaqtunu aqj pue pjoqasnoq e jo azjs aqj uaaAAjaq ojjej aqj aujtujajap oj sj Sujp/Aojo ajnseam oj Xe/A buq ‘juacu -dojaAap jejjuajod ajnjnj Jjaqj jo jeqj tuojj pue sjuapjsaj 4 sajjjuntutuoo aqj jo ajejja/A aqj jo jujodpuejs aqj xjuojj qjoq juejjodtuj sj jojoej sjqj, •tuajqojd Sujsnoq aqj oj sjpmsup atuos Sujujejqo uj anjeA jo aq pjnoqs qojqM ‘ejep ojseq atuos sujejuoo XaAjns aqj, "Sujxajdjad jsotu aqj jo auo pue ‘ajjj Xjjuntutuoo jo seaje jeojjjjo jsotu aqj jo auo sj Sujsnojq 'sjaqtunu jajjetus Xq pajjsap aje sqnjo aSe-uaaj,, pue ‘Sujjeqs jojjoj ‘sajjjjjoej poupq -pajjsjjessjp aje oqM asoqj jo jjeq auo jseaj je Xq pajjsap Xjqeqojd aje omj jsjjj aqj, -Sujpjjnq uojjeajoaj e pue ‘punojSXejd paddjnba ue ‘food SujuutujMs e sjp anuaAy ejqtunjoQ Suoje pue qojMauuajq uj Xjjuanbajj jsotu pajjsap sjuatuaAojdtuj aauqj aqj, •stuejSojd juasajd aqj qjjM pajjsjjes sj bajj jo jno auo jnoqe Xjuq ‘ajenbapeuj aje qjnoX joj stuejSojd uojjeajoaj OAajjaq sjuapjsaj pjo pue Mau qjoq anuaAy ejqtunjog) uo pue qojAcauua^j uj •auuoojaM Sujaq jou jo Suj -qaaj e pue sajjjjjoej paqsjjqejsa tuojj aouejsjp jeojsXqd aqj qjoq joajjaj Xetu suojujdo asaqj, ‘sajjjjjoej punojSXejd ajqjssaooe ajotu joj ajjsap snotujueun sj ajaqj ‘uojjoejsjjessjp ssajdxa oq/A asoqj Suotuy ‘ajenbapeuj sj tuejSojd uojjeajoaj qjnoX aqj jeqj saojSajq aqj Suotue jajjaq peajdsapjM e spm ajaqj, (‘lb ‘qjnoX joj sajjjunjjoddo jeuojjeajoaj Xq passajdtuj XjqeJOAej aje opsej jo sjuapjsaj ajjqzA pjo pue Mau aqj qjog; ‘aouapjsaj jo qjSuaj oj ueqj aouapjsaj jo eaje oj Xjasojo ajotu qontu pajejaj pjp uojujdo uj saoua -jajjjQ ‘ajnjojd juauajjjp e aje qjnoX joj stuejSojd jeuojjeajoaj aqx -88- -89- TABLE 43 In Per Cents Type of Housing KennewickPasco Total 63.0 69.6Single family units 61.338.2 Ownership. Furnished rooms 4.2 4.4 15.6Trailers 18.0 58.8 20.8 15.6Others, including apartments 13.2 3.0 13.2 Not specified .5 .3 Satisfaction with Housing. T otal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 TABLE 44 Area and Race Pasco Total Pasco 1.33 35.0 Kennewick 1.12 25.0 Columbia Avenue 63.0.87 Total Sample 1.21 31.0 Negro White Type of Housing in Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area by Units Average number of rooms Columbia Avenue 77.0 17.0 The survey sought to learn how people felt about their housing. Answers to the question are summarized in Table 48. 1..51 .57 Those who indicated dissatisfaction with their housing were asked why. The Negroes mentioned the absence of conveniences, high rents, and unsanitary condition; more than one-half of them listed one of these reasons. Very few mentioned the size of their dwelling units. Small size, however, was the most frequent reason given by the whites. Small size and high rent accounted for most of the dissatisfaction among all groups. 5.3 Satisfaction with housing is almost the same for Pasco and Kenne wick whites. The most dissatisfied group is the Pasco Negroes. They more frequently live in rented trailers and are more over-crowded than the other major groups. Seventy-one per cent of the Negroes were dissatisfied. This is a direct reflection of the type, size, condition of the housing, and the level of rents they pay. Their rentals, on the average, represent a high er percentage of income among Negroes than among whites, while the quality of accommodations is worse. Satisfaction varies with the different types of housing. Those living in single family units are much more satisfied than are other groups. (Table 49.) Some of the variation in response in the above table is associated with ownership in both the single family units and in trailer’s classification. (See Table 49.) With both types of housing, ownership is a very important factor in satisfaction. Single family home owners are most satisfied of these four groups and trailer renters the least satisfied. Percentage of households having less than one room per person (Table 45). In trailers, and to a lesser degree in apartments and furnished rooms, the room sizes are smaller than in single family units. Overcrowd ing in the trailer households is apt to get worse because the adults occupying them are, on the average, a younger group, and the households are smaller. Trailer dwellers, among the adults, average 37.2 years compared with 44.2 years for adult residents of single family units; trailer households average 2.51 persons, single family units 3.63 persons. Trailer families, in other words, are the ones most apt to expand, and from Table 46, about 5 0 per cent of them intend to remain, in the area. Table 47 indicates that nearly two-thirds of the households in the area are either owned outright or being purchased by the occupants, if one accepts the ownership of a trailer within this definition. There is little dif ference in percentage of ownership between various areas, except that trailer ownership is greater along Columbia Avenue than among the Negroes of Pasco. Average Rooms per Person and Percentage of Households in Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Having Less Than One Room per Person, by Area and Race -91--90- TABLE 47TABLE 45 In Per Cents 4.86 3.63 1.34Single Family Units Not Indicated T otalBy RentersType of Housing 1.25Furnished Rooms 2.20 .57 100.01.778.1 20.2Single family units 1.36 2.51T railer s .54 6.2 100.093.8Furnished rooms 1.666.2 100.032.2T railers2.79 3.14 .89 3.233.59T otal 1.21 89.8 100.010.2 63.7 100.01.435.0Total sampleTABLE 46 TABLE 48 In Per Cents Opinions Remain^ T otal Per centResponse chosen 46"Yes, I am very satisfied" Furnished Rooms 37.525.0 25.0 12.5 100.00 “I am fairly satisfied” 30 16“I am quite dissatisfied” “No, I am very dissatisfied" 7 28.6 28.640.8 2.0 100.00 Not specified 1 56.0Total sample 22.0 18.0 4.0 100.00 100Total 3. Opinions of Residents of the Pas co-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Con cerning the Question, “Do you plan to move during the next three years ?” by type of housing and ownership Others (including apartments) Type of Housing and Ownership Trailers Owners Renters Others including apartments 82.6 41.3 33.3 8.3 13.7 45.8 No. of Persons per Household 43.1 41.7 Not indicated 2.8 4.4 Rooms per Person 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Others, including apartments 1. 2. 9.0 41.3 5.6 13.0 9.9 4.2 Plans Move^ Leave area^ Single Family Units Owners Renters Average Rooms per Person by Type of Housing in Pasco- Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area No. of Rooms per Household Percentage Households of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents Occupied by Owners and by Renters, by Type of Housing of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents Concerning the Question, “In general, are you satisfied with your housing?” Occupied By Owners Statement checked by person interviewed: “Remain in present quarters.” One of the following statements checked: “Move and rent in Pasco, and rent in Kennewick,” “Buy or build house in Pasco,” or “Buy or build house in Kennewick.” Statement checked: “Leave area." siaqmnu SuigaaCoid joj past! aq Xeui uoqoas siqg ui uoigamiojui aqj, agdoa^g aqg jo suag^g Suisnopg ’7 uoigaag -sip Xjba ma J ‘ojq)( '7 u paijsigas Xiba ma j ‘S3X„ agdmas gagoj,0'001 O'T O’£Z 0'9A s^uauip^dp Suipngoui sioqgQO'OOT T’b 7'19 £’T• aAoyg og suajcj 0'7 1'09 smooi paqsiujnjj0'001 7'9 V 9‘ 1^90 j, 6b srdavi -Z6"-£6- O’OOT 0’001 0“00I 0’001 O’OOT O’OOT O’T T T ’ 97 b’9 9’88 6'£Z, 0’86 (diqsjbumo pua) Suisnoq jo adXjr, siagiajj, g-egoj, s ja;uay S JOUAAQ SJOJiajJ, 8’9b £’£8 b‘T £ 6’T9 .1’91 9’99 spttm Xgimaj agSuis siagua-g • SJBUMQ sgiun Xgimaj agSuig pgoqasnoq iad suosjad uoigagndod pagamigsa pagaaipui ^paijsigassTQ ^aijsigag TQM UOTUldQ spiag ibj ng ’JTos -gi qaiMauuayg jo Xgia aqg jaau jo Xgia aqg uiqgiM a[pas 04 qsiM maqg jo ;sotu ‘■eaja agaTMauuagq-oasajg aqg uiqgiM aAom 04. Suijisap spgoqasnoq jo aSaguaaiad gsaqSiq aqg saq aaia pi/Aanuaq aqg qSnoqggy 'poiiad auies aqg Suimp baoui og puagui sapq/A aqg jo guao jad gg ubtr ssaq ” T 96T ^q a^om og puagui spgoq -asnoq oiSajq aqg jgaq auQ •(0^7*99) qSiq sum siagiaig jo diqsiauMO aSaguao -jad aqg gaqg paggaaai aq ggiM gj 'paAoui bjbm saAgasmaqg siagiaig aqg qSnoqg U9A8 siagiaig iiaqg Xdnaao og anuiguoa og uaaui gqSim usjagjanb guasaid tit uiamayn Xq gaqg agaaipui gqSim agap aqg jo uoigaga idiagui auo ‘siagiaig ut aAig aaia aqg ui paMaiAiagui asoqg jo guaa jad £g aauig ’aaia anuaAy aiqmngog aqg ui st siagianb guasaid Jiaqg ui uwmai og uagd oqM asoqg jo aSaguaaiad gsaqSiq aqjp *aoaj pua aaia Xq aAom og suoiguagui s/Aoqs ‘79 ajq^i •SMoggoj qaiqM gaijagam aqg ut pagaaipui aia sguamauijai pua suoig -aiiaA qang -pasn aq Xaui agnmioj aisaq siqg ut sguamauijai pua uoigaiiayv •Suisnoq guaiajjip Sui -qaas sguapisai mbu aqg og asoga Xgqaqiamaj st qaiqM aaia aqg uiqgiM baoui og suagd jiaqg ut st sguapisai pgo pua mbu uaaMgaq aouaiajjip gaai aqg gaqg sagaaipui gg agqaj^ •dno.iS agqags aiom aqg guasaidai siauMO arnogg ’Xgaiigua XaAve baoui og Suipuagui dnoiS aqg uaqg jagaaiS st eaia aqg ut Xags og qsiM oqa XjoSagao qaaa ut dnojS aqg ‘Suisnoq mbu joj gaqjaui auiijd aqg st qaiqM ‘dnojS jaguaj aqg Suomy "diqs-iauMO Xq pua Suisnoq jo adXg Xq suoiguagui asoqg SMoqs 6b OTQ'BJL *-^^Ava baoui og guaa uad gg pua ‘aaia aqg uiqgiM baoui og pauuagd guaa jad 77 ‘bibm Xaqg aiaqa uiarnai og pauuagd spgoqasnoq aqg jo guaa jad 9g ‘(gg-gp6T) poiJtad jaoX aajqg a uiqgiM gaqg SMoqs QS sIcL'bXL asm ut papaau sgiun Sui -snoq Xgiuiaj Mau = sgiun Xgiuiuj agSuis ut BAig oqM baoui og SuiqsiM eaia ut - aAoui og Suiuuagd aajta ut 0^ x iSMoggoj sa aq pgnoM gno papoM aq pgnoa gaqg agnuiioj a ‘snqp 'Suisnoq ut uiaS gau ou ut ggnsaj pgnoM baoui og sauisap Jiaqg pua ut baoui og sjaqgo joj aoeds OAaag pgnoM sSuiggaMp Xgiuiaj agSuis uiojj Sutaoui suosjad aaurs 'baoui og qsiM oqM sSuiggaMp Xgiuiaj agSuis SuiXdnaao spgoqasnoq jo jaquinu aqg Xq pagunoasip aq Xgqaqojd pgnoqs ajnSij siqp ‘pajisap sasnoq mbu jo jaquinu ssojS aqg oatS ggiM qaiqM ‘guaj pua baoui og SuiguaM jo/pua Xnq pua baoui og SuiguaM aSaguaajad aqg Xq paigdiggnui aq uaa aaia aqg ut spgoqasnoq jo jaquinu Suiggnsaj aqj ‘og agq^J, jo asn aqg Xq spgoqasnoq jo siaquinu og paanpaj aq uaa sagauiigsa uoigagndod asaqp • suoigaafojd aqg Suiqam aja Xaqg qaiqM joj eaia aqg jo sagauiigsa uoigagndod umo Jiaqg Xgddns og uagd pgnoqs spaau Suisnoq jo sagauiigsa aqaui og SuiqsiM asoqj, *aaja aqg ut papaau sgtun Suisnoq jo (sadXg OMg uiqgiM) diqsjauMO pua Suisnoq jo adXg Xq u Suisnoq jnoX qgiM paijsigas noX bjb ‘gajauaS ugn ‘uoigsan^j aqg SuiujaauoQ sguapisa^ anuaAy aiqmngoQ-qaTMauuajg-oosacj jo suoiuidQ u-paijsigas jo upaijsigassip aginb ma j)( :paqaaqa sguamagagg “•paijsigas Xgjiaj ma Ii( jo ipoMaiAjagui uosiad Xq paqaaqa sguamagagg -g •uoigagndod aqg jo suoiguagui aqg jo sisaq aqg uo paaaojd uaa Suiuuagd guqg os ‘qgjoj gas aq Xam saaia OMg aqg jo qgMOjS ajngnj aqg aouangjui qaiqM sjogaaj aqg jo amos ‘Xpm siqg ug * suagd Suisnoq ajngnj Jiaqg gnoqa Suiquiqg am agdoad gaqM uo qaaqa a pua sdnojS snoijaA aqg jo saigsijagaajaqa aqg jo sisXgaua ua jo sgsisuoa uoigaas siqq, -Suisnoq joj aja suagd Jiaqg gaqM ‘aaia aqg ui uiarnai og puagui op oqM asoqg joj ‘pua ‘jaqgaSogga XaMa baoui jo aaja aqg ui uiarnai og puagui agdoad jaqgaqM og sa qgoq ‘suagd aingnj og pagoAap si uoigaas siqj, 0’001 0'b 0'81 0'77 0'001 2.'bl 8'TT 9'92. anuaAy PTqwnjog 0'001 b'9 9'bl 7'L7 1'99 piMauuajj T^oj, jUTPUja^f pauojjsanb sdnojQ~,9AOJAJ ^Id s;uag jad uj ajdureg lajoj,001 ?9 snsvx P9I-B UT SPAOUJ papUPJUT JPJOJ,77 :uoTjp-[njjdpaa£[ 0'001 0'b 0'81 ajdujps jpjoj,0'77 0'99 ajdtups {"ejoj,001 0'001 0’b 0'9 9'2.1 2/92. sjuapjsa^j pTO 0'001 0'9 8'09 6'b? 9'69 sjuaptsa^j A\aq I^joj, SUT2Id sjuag jad uj pajaajas asuodsay]uaa JSd I 9 3'dHVJ. 09 319VI -96- -b6 - 0'001 0'001 0'001 aaaj pup aaja Xq usjppX ggjqj^xau 3xn UT saoui oj upjd noX oqm ‘uopsanQ aqj SujujaauoQ sjuapjsa^j anuaAy ■eTqujniO0-qaTMauua^j-oaspcj jo suotuTdQ 9'b 9'b 8'b 8'1? Z'bl Z'T9 T '61 9'81 0'77 8'b9 2'99 0'77 oasad jpjoj, sa;iqM sao jSajq oasa^ aauaptsa^j jo qjSuaq; u sjppX aajqj jxau aqj §ujjnp baoui oj upjd noX oqm ‘uotjsan^) Sutujoouoq sjuapjsa-y; anuaAy ptqujnjog-qotAtauua^-oasPcj jo suotuTdQ b 81 asuodsaj ojq „uaie aAnaqi( u>[3TAvauua}j ut asnoq pjjnq io Xngi( ,/oasUjj ut asnoq pjjnq jo XngH u5j3TMauua^ tn jubj puu aAoysj,, ..ousqj tn jubj pup aAoyqit usjajjenb juasajd ut uTPtaa^ji( pjjnq jo Xnq pup aAoyq jupj pup paojaj utptua^i asuodsaj ojq Xp/ap oaojaj 91 6 99 b 81 8 9 9 b 99 pajpotput j-pary aApaq 9ON ■sjajjpno juasajf jo oasp,-! jaqjta ut Xyjpaoj paXojdtua asoqj jo uotjjodojd aqj ‘sajiq/A. jo uotjjodojd aqj :sjaadsaj §utMop[oj aqj ut oSpjbap aAoqp st pbjp aqj ut utptuaj oj Sutuupyd dnoj§ aqj jpqj juapjAa st jj •piAauuaq jo oasPfj jaqjta ut Xjjpaoy paXojdvua asoqj upqj dnoj§ ajqpjs ssay p st stqj, 'P‘ioju'BH 110 PU'BITI3IH P6 paXojdma asoqj Suoujp anjj st osjoaoj aqj^ -juaj oj upqj Xnq oj puajuj saTjTuupj ajorn ‘ajoqM p sp pojp aqj uj •paXofdtua Xjjpdoj aqj upqj ppjp aqj ut utpvuaj oj pautjauj ssaj qantxi st dnojS sjqj jpqj jpajo st jt ‘(gg aag) 9t[4 UT §UTAII asoqj jjp jo supjd aqj qjTA\ pajuduioo bjp ‘pjojuppj jo pupjqaj^i ut paXojdtua bjp oqM ‘pojp qatAvauua^j-oasPjj aqj ut Sutatj asoqj jo supjd Sutsnoq uaqj^ ^.UTPLUa^J u'pojp aApaqn :paqaaqa juatuajpjg *g u •qatAs.auuajj ut asnoq u‘o3SPcj ut asnoq pjtnq jo Xngti u ‘qat/Aauuayj ut juoj pup :paqaaqa sjuatuajpjs §utm.ojjoj aqj jo buq -7 : pa a\3ta j a jut uosjad Xq paqaaqa juatuajpjg -j pajpotput fpajy aApaq ^aAoj/q -96- -97- 2. 3. TABLE 53 In Per Cents Response selected 100100T otal Some Characteristics of Those Who Plan to Move and Buy or Build. Characteristics of Those Who Plan To Move and Rent. Of those working in Richland or Hanford 35 17 10 38 sional people, owners, or managers of business, plan to move out of the area, it is unlikely that the composition of this occupational group will change. 5 6 9 13 18 4 Of total sample 1. Statement checked by person interviewed: One of the following statements checked: “Move and rent in Kennewick,” “Buy or build house in Pasco”, or build house in Kennewick." Statement checked: “Leave area.” “Remain in present quarters." “Move and rent in Pasco, or “Buy The households falling into this category are similar to those who expect to leave the area. Over 45 per cent of them are unskilled and semi skilled laborers. None were managers, owners or professional people. Approximately 52 per cent work in Richland or Hanford. The average size of household was the smallest of the four categories-- only 2.8 persons. One means of checking the validity of the intentions of those who expressed the intention of buying or building in the area, as well as uncover ing data of value, was to ask them concerning the price house they expected to build or buy, the down payment they expected to make, and the monthly payments they expected to pay. (Tables 56, 57, and 58). A range of from 17 per cent in the case of total price to 38.8 per cent in the case of down pay ments, failed to answer the questions. A few others made such lew estimates of these factors that it was obvious that their intentions were not serious. The least realistic estimates were given for down payments. Slightly over half of those who expressed an intention to buy or build either failed to estimate the down payment they were willing to make or estimated it below $ 1,500. Willingness expressed in terms of total price and monthly pay ments seem to conform more closely to reality. From the available data, particularly that relating to the composi tion of the group, there is little reason to doubt the seriousness of their intention to remain in the area, particularly if its economic base holds up, but many who intend to buy or build may be forced to stay as renters, because of the lack of a sufficient down payment. This factor is, of course, subject to great variation in terms of the ease of credit. This group is much like the group who plan to remain in their present quarters. Seventy-nine per cent are locally employed (or are retired), in contrast to 44 per cent of those who plan to leave the area. Like the group planning not to move at all, only 28 per cent are skilled or semi skilled laborers, compared with 53 per cent laborers in the group planning to move away. Similarly, the proportion of managers, owners of businesses, and professional people is high in this group. Opinions of Pas co-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents Concerning the Question, “Do you plan to move in the next three years ?” by those working in Richland and Hanford Table 55 gives the information about where people intend to build their homes. Of the 13 per cent of the total group who intend to buy or build, 5 per cent of the total group would like to locate in or near Pasco and 8 per cent in or near Kennewick. Three of the 13 per cent who live in Pasco, and who intend to buy or build, expressed a preference for Kennewick as a per manent location. No Kennewick residents expressed a corresponding pre ference for Pasco. This tendency was pointed out in the study of the occupa tional pattern of the area (Chapter II, Section 4), that is, that there is a tendency for Pasco to be the city of business and Kennewick to be the city of homes. Seventy per cent of those intending to acquire homes of their own in the area prefer to live in the cities themselves, while 3 0 per cent prefer to locate in the country nearby. This r'atio is also true for those desiring to settle in or near either Pasco or Kennewick. “Remain in present quarters” “Move and rent in Pasco” (or Kennewick) “Buy or build house in Pasco” (or Kennewick) "Move away from area” No response accurate basis for estimating the size of houses which will be needed. Many of these families will increase in size, especially among those now having two to three in each household. The figures indicate that 30 per cent and possibly more of the new houses built for sale should contain three or more bedrooms. In the group planning to build, the size of households is the largest of any of the four groupings. They are also a younger group. At the time of the survey, there was an average of 3.7 persons per household, distributed according to Table 43. If anything, these figures are too low to provide an -98- ■99- TABLE 54 TABLE 56 In Per Cents In Per Cents Of total sampleNumber in household Of those planning to buy or build Price Of those planning to buy or build Of total sample .32.11 25.52 29.8 3.93 3.929.84 8.6 1.05 6 2.1 .3 2.1 .3Not indicated TABLE 57 100.0 13.0T otal TABLE 55 In Per Cents Down Payment Of those planning to buy or build Of total sample Area of present residence 3 1310Pasco 16 16Kennewick 3Columbia Avenue 5 8 5 8 13Total Total 100.0 13.01. 2. 3. Percentage of Those Residents of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Who Plan to Buy or Build in the Next Three Years by Number in Household 23.4 38.3 3.0 5.0 .3 1.4 1.4 .9 .5 .5 Under $500 $500 - $999 1000 - 1499 1500 - 1999 2000 - 2499 2500 - 2999 3000 - 3499 3500 - 3999 4000 and above Not specified Under $3000 $3000 - 5999 6000 - 8999 9000 - 11,999 12,000 - 14,999 15,000 and above Not specified T otal Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Residents Concerning the Question Asked of Those Who Plan to Buy or Build in the Area within the Next Three Years, “What down payment would you be willing to make ? ” 2.1 12.8 25.6 21.3 12.8 8.4 17.0 100.0 2.1 10.7 10.7 6.4 4.2 4.2 .3 1.7 3.3 2.7 1.7 1.1 2.2 13.0 3.3 Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Residents Concerning the Question Asked of Those Who Plan To Buy or Build in the Area within the Next Three Years, “What price house, including lot, would you buy or build?” Distribution of Those Residents of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area Who Responded to the Question, “Do you plan to move within the next three years ?” by answering that they planned to “buy or build” in area according to plan of present residence In each case 100% equals total households in each area of present resi dence, i.e. Pasco, Kennewick, Columbia Avenue, and the entire area. Statement checked by person interviewed: “Buy or build house in Pasco.” Statement checked: “Buy or build house in Kennewick.” In Per Cents Intend to buy or build in Pasco^ Kennewick^ Total iw0'6 0'001 JO 9AOUI OJ UPjd OqM OSOqj JOajdmps jpjoj jo •XpMy aAojAj oj wejj-j otjjW asoqj, jo sojjsjjajapjpq^ sjuao -isd uj 69 3WI i^;oi0'0010'91 pjjnq jo Xnq oj Sujuupjd asoqj jqajdmps jpjoj jo sjuao J8d nj 89 sqavi -ooi--1 01 8'67 9'fr 9'8 6’bl L’LZ 9’01 1'7 1'7 1'9 0'9 0'9 1'6 9'27 b'9b 1'6 juauiX^d Xjqjuom JO 9ZJS pjoqasnoq uj jgqmnjj 9' 9' 9' 8' VI I'fr 8' 6'9 9' T'l 6'1 9'9 VI V V u’(saxpj “juj ‘“suj apnjauj) juamXpd Xjqjuom J'eq.M.,, ‘sjpax aajqj, jxpn aqj ujqjjM najy axIJ UT PJjng JO °I U13lcl oqjyj 3S°qJL J° paqsy uojjsan^) 31U SujujaauoQ sjuapisa^j uajy anuaAy pjqmnjo^-qajMauuaN-oas'Sd jo suojujdQ pajjjaads jon aAoqp pun 08 62 " 02 69 “ 09 69 - 09 6b - 0b 69 - 09$ 0£$ j spun pajpajpuj jon 9 9 b 9 7 I “moo j amas aqj pajpqs uam omj ajaqM saspa ojom asaqj jo arnos pup 69 ajqnj, Xq uMoqs sp ‘ajdoad omj jo pajsjsuoa spjoqasnoq aqj jo jjpq auo jsomjy •pjoqasnojj uj jaqmnq Xq sjpox aajqj, jxon aqj nj JUSH Pup aAoyq oj, upj(j oq^/V najy anuaAy pjqmnjog -qajMauuaN-oasucj aqj jo sjuapjsa^j asoqj, jo aSujuaojajj •qjuom jad ajom jo 00“02$ oj ssouSujjjjm p passajdxa sqjjnoj -aajqj jsowqy “Xpd oj Sujjjjm spm aq qajqM (janj Sujqooa pun ‘jpjpm ‘jqSjj ‘jpaq Sujpnjauj) ajnSij jpjupj p pauipu ppjp aqj ujqjjM jubj pup aAom oj puajuj Xaqj jpqj Sujjpajpuj auoXjaAg 'uojjpjndod aqj uj sjuamaja ajqpjs ssaj aqj Suomp aq oj spuaj juaj oj Sujjjsap dnojS aqj jpqj uojjpajpuj jaqjjnj p st sjqj, '(7'91) sSujjjaMp jpjjmjs pup sjuamjjpdp uj Sujajj ppjp aqj uj spjoqasnoq jo aSpjuaajad aqj upqj jojpojS st (7’^7) sjuamjjpdp Sujjjojajd asoqj jo aSpjuaa -jad aqj pup (9'19) sjjun Xjjmpj aj§ujs ut oajj Xjjpnjap oqM pojp ajoqM aqj ut a§pjuaojad aqj upqj ssaj st (y7Jz) dnoj§ sjqj ut sjjun Xjjmpj ajSujs Sujjjajajd asoqj jo aSpjuaajad aqj jpqj sajpajpuj pjpp jpojjsjjpjs jo uosjjpdmoa p ‘jjun Xjjmpj ajSujs p joj spm aauajajajd passajdxa jsoSjpj aqj ajjqM ‘puoaas pup fsuojjuajuj Jjaqj jo ssausnojjas aqj uo sjqnop amos sjspo qajqM ‘juaj oj joj -ajd pjnoM Xaqj SujjjaMp jo adXj juqMXjjaads jou pjp dnojS aqj jo qjjnoj-auo jsomjp jpqj ‘jsjtj :sjaadsaj omj uj Sujjpoaoj st 09 ajqpj, “sajjjunmmoa omj aqj uaaMjaq jjjqs oj ajjsap p jo uojjpajpuj ajjjjj qjTM ‘oasPj-j pup qajMauuaN uaaMjaq papjAjp Xjubab jsomjp ojp juaj pup aAom oj §ujpuajuj asoqj, ‘adXj sjqj jo saapjd paau jjtm ppjp aqj ut qjoM Xjpjodmaj qjjM ajdoad jpjpj fqjoM uojjanjjsuoa qjjM pajaauuoa ajdoad jo smjaj ut aq JJTM sjppX moj jxau aqj ut sjspqdma aqj, “aajammoa ajom oujdojaAap pup qjMojS SujoSjapun Xjjunmmoa Xup ut papaau bjp sptjtjtopj qang “spjoqasnoq jo dnojS SujSupqa Xjjuaupmjad p joj ojpo oj jjpd ut jspoj jp paqsjujnj Xjqpqojd ‘sjjun jjpms joj paau p oj jujod sazjs Jjaqj, “ spjoq -asnoq jaqjo Xq paapjdaj aq Xpm Xaqj ‘os uaAjjj “pojp aqj bapbj oj Xjaqjj jsom ojp jpqj azjs pup adXj sjqj jo spjoqasnoq aqj st jj “Xnq oj §ujuupjd asoqj upqj ajqpjs ssaj Xjajjujjap sp pajapjsuoa aq jsnm spjoqasnoq asaqj, •pupjqaj-^j oj SujAom pjpm Xaqj pajpajpuj pojp aqj papbj oj Sujuupjd 9J9M Xaqj pajpjs oqM asoqj jo juaa jad 07 Xjjpon “sajjqM aqj Xq sajjjunjjoddo qoC fsaojSaN aqj Xq pauojjuam Xjjuanbajj jsom ojom suojjjpuoa Sujsnojj “jno poojs uospoj ajSujs ou ‘Sutappj spm jt XqM paqsp spm dnojS aqj uaq^Y “uajpjjqa ou spq dnojS aqj ut Xjjtupj jpojdXj aqj, “dnojS sjqj ut jjpj soojSbn aqj jo jjnjj “sassaujsnq jo sjaSuupm jo ‘sjoumo ‘jpuotssojojd ajp dnoj§ sjqj ut moj ‘jotjjpo pauojjuam sy “sjajjpnb juasajd jjaqj uj ujpujbj oj Sujuupjd asoqj jo juaa jad g7 qq^ pajpdmoa sp spjoqasnoq tsjajoqpj pajjjqs -un mojj 9jp pojp aqj 3apoj oj Sujuupjd asoqj jo juaa jad pg jbaq -103--102- TABLE 60 Present Housing. In Per Cents Future Permanent Housing.Total SampleResponse selected 3.842.4 “Apartment” 2.224.2 6.2“Duplex” .5 “Other” 3.0 .3 24.2 2.2Not Specified 100.0 9.0 TABLE 61 In Per Cents Of total sampleMonthly rent Under $30 3.0 .3 $30 - 49 15.2 1.4 50 - 69 .89.1 2.427.370 - 89 45.4 4.190 and above 100.0T otal 9.0 Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents Concerning the Question Asked of Those Who Plan To Move and Rent in the Area, “If you plan to rent, would you prefer:" Those planning to move and rent Of those planning to move and rent In terms of housing needs, this population divides roughly into two The larger group, representing about 70 per cent of the households, Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents Concerning the Question Asked of Those Who Plan To Move and Rent in the Area. “What monthly rent including heat, light, water, and cooking fuel would you be willing to pay?” The remaining 3 0 per cent of the population to be supported by a permanent economic base will have a less permanent character, but their housing needs will have to be taken into account. For the most part, they will consist of small families and will occupy furnished houses and apart ments. Our data are not sufficiently exact to tell whether enough existing housing will be freed by those moving to new housing to take care of the ad ditional needs of this group for single housing units or not. Additional single furnished rental units may be necessary, but no estimates of the number are possible, except that it is probably relatively small. Another apparent need “Single family structure Four-fifths of the people in the area intend to remain, although between a fourth and a fifth of them intend to move within the area during the period 1948-1951. From Part I of this study, it appears that new and perma nent industry will, by the time of the completion of the Columbia Basin project, bring in a new and more permanent population to take the place of those who will be leaving. While a certain segment of the population may come and go, by the time the Basin area is fully settled, the area will probably be able to support about the number it had in the summer of 1948 on a stable economic base. groups. will have the characteristics of those who now intend to remain in their present quarters and those who intend to buy or build. There is doubt that they will be able to carry out their intentions, but their needs are fairly well fixed and they are in terms of single family dwellings. Fewer persons will probably be able to own their own homes than expressed such a desire. As a conservative guess, about five hundred new single family units will be required to take care of their needs. In general, these new units should be patterned after the single family units now occupied, since the occupations and other characteristics of those desiring them are similar to those plan ning to remain where they are. The one exception is that the new houses should contain a greater percentage with more rooms since the group desir ing new housing is younger. Their families are already larger than the set tled group and promise to increase even more. Apparently the ratio of new houses in cities and outside them should be roughly seven to three. If their is a shift between the cities of this type of housing, it will be in the direction of Kennewick, but it will not be appreciable. There is much sub-standard housing in the area. The proportion of trailers is high and the overcrowding is great. The dissatisfaction ex pressed is fairly low, however. Section 3. Conclusions -104- CHAPTER VIII SHOPPING HABITS Future Transient Housing. amounts Section 2. Attitudes within the Area toward Stores for this group is additional apartments--probably 50 to 100 units--designed for small families. A substantial proportion of these could probably com mand a high rental. In terms of numbers and of housing accommodations, these tran sient populations will be above and beyond the estimates made in terms of a permanent economic base. Table 62 indicates that most people buy most items in the towns in which they live. Neither Pasco nor Kennewick is a dominant shopping center. Groceries tend to be purchased almost exclusively in the city where people have their homes. Few people buy groceries in Richland, in spite of the large percentage of persons living in Pasco and Kennewick who pass through there each day. The people of the area, particularly the older residents, make the major share of their purchases at home except for automobiles and automo bile accessories, which are purchased by Kennewick residents in Pasco, and for clothing, which Pasco residents purchase outside the area. This chapter covers the buying habits of individuals as to the of money spent by residents inside and outside the area. While there is no means of estimating the magnitude of the prob lem, it is safe to assume that the area will be subject to waves of transient workers for some time to come. The proximity of the Hanford Engineering Works is basis for this belief. It is further bolstered by the development of reclamation projects such as McNary Dam and other proposed projects along the Snake River, as well as major highway and bridge construction. Since fluctuating transient populations will be normal for the area for some time to come, it would seem wise to plan for it. Such transient housing as is available in the area should probably be retained for transient households. Access to trailer areas should be maintained and the areas should be set up and regulated so that health conditions are at a higher level than indicated in Chapter VI. Any new transient accommodations which are provided might well be built with sufficient permanence to look beyond the immediate project which brings them into being. It is already apparent from Tables 62, 63, and 64 that older resi dents do their shopping locally more than do newer residents. Tables 65, 66, 67, and 68 attempt to show the attitudes of various groups in the area toward prices in the stores. The results reinforce the conclusion that newer resi dents show greater dissatisfaction concerning the local stores than do older residents. This is more true, however, of the new white residents of Pasco and Kennewick than of those along Columbia Avenue. It is not true for Negroes. Unlike the other new residents, the Negroes were near the aver age for the area in expressing favorable opinions concerning the local stores, The purchase of clothing is analyzed in Table 63. Eighty-five per cent of those in the area usually buy clothing in the cities of their residence. More clothing is bought in Pasco by Kennewick residents than vice versa, but there is a tendency for more Pasco residents to shop for clothing outside the area than Kennewick residents. Walla Walla is the most frequent outside shopping center, particularly for the older residents. This outside shopping points to a source of business which might be recaptured locally. Section 1. Places of Purchase by Types of Goods Purchased Data concerning buying habits for automobile accessories and auto mobiles are found in Table 64. They supply another example in which Pasco tends to be the center of trade, especially among the old residents. However, no such clear pattern exists for groceries, furniture, electrical or house hold goods. -107--106- TABLE 62 Groups questioned Goods 97.1 73.5 86.989.2 90.0 85.7 Section 3. Richland Shoppers TABLE 63 Place of purchase 1. Some persons gave more than one source of purchase Pasco Kennewick Richland Walla Walla Yakima Mail Order Other Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Gro ceries 93.7 100.0 98.6 100..0 98.3 84.2 87.6 85.8 97.1 74.1 87.2 85.2 89.5 89.1 89.2 79.2 98.1 89.1 87.2 98.2 92.9 72.4 73.5 72.9 Cloth ing __2 73.0 93.1 87.3 11.1 3.7 5.6 20.4 __2 82.9 92.9 89.8 __2 85.4 97.6 93.6 13.2 84.2 1.3 6.6 __2 72.7 92.2 85.8 19.7 87.6 1.6 11.5 1.6 1.6 4.9 Kennewick New Old 5.3 3.9 87.2 4.3 1.1 11.7 2.2 1.1 9.6 Except for the ease of getting things in the stores, the people of Kennewick express, on the whole, more favorable attitudes than do those of Pasco. This is true of the new white residents as well as the other groups. Since shopping is so largely confined to the city of one’s own residence, this is essentially a comparison of the attitudes of people toward the stores in the places in which they live. There is no implication in Table 68 that prices in Pasco and Kenne wick actually are higher than in surrounding areas. The important fact is that people think so, just as they think that new stores might succeed in the area. This latter opinion may be influenced by the crowded conditions of stores at the time of the survey, but the two opinions taken together tend to dilute the favorable impression toward stores gained through the reading of Tables 63, 65, and 66. The chief conclusion of this section, however, is that as in areas of civic development, so in his shopping, the newcomer feels somewhat left out. Plans to welcome him and acquaint him with the resources of the community would appear financially profitable as well as sound in a civic sense, if his attitudes and buying habits are any indication. Pasco Negroes 97.4 New white residents 96.2 Old Residents Total Pasco 74.1 5.6 Responses of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Res idents to the question “In which town do you usually buy groceries?, Clothing ?, Furniture ?, Electrical Goods ?, Household Goods?, Automobile and Accessories ?/’tab ulated to show those who usually buy merchandise in the city of their residence. and slightly above the old residents in answering every question except: “If new stores were to come into the area, do you think they would be able to stay in business ?” It will be recalled from a previous chapter that the Negroes felt that general stores were one of the places in which they encountered the least discrimination. Columbia Avenue^ In Per Cent^ House- Automo- Furni-Electrical hold biles and ture Goods Goods acessories Responses of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents to the question, “In what town do you usually buy clothing?” by area and length of residence. In Per Cent Pasco New Old While Richland was not a shopping center for residents of Pasco and Kennewick at the time of the survey, even for those who worked in Richland, Pasco and Kennewick were shopping centers for those who lived in Richland. Shopping facilities in Richland lagged behind the growth of the population, and merchandising was not on a competitive basis, hence many Richland residents made frequent and extensive purchases either in Pasco or Kennewick. This Richland business was one of the subjects explored in the mail questionnaire to Richland residents. September, 1948, was taken as a base month to study purchases of Richland residents in Pasco and Kenne wick. Seventy-six per cent of those replying stated they had shopped in one or both cities during that month. The most frequently indicated amounts spent during the month were $23.00 in Pasco and $ 16.00 in Kennewick. Almost 70 per cent of those reporting spent less than $50.00, While some families reported expenditures as high as $2,000.00 during the month in the two cities, from notations made on the questionnaires, it appears that monthly expenditures over $ 100.00 were for non-recurring purchases, items such as furniture or automobiles. While these would bring the average amounts pur chased to over the $23.00 and $ 16.00 figure quoted, the typical or most frequently indicated amounts may give a better idea of the size of expendi tures than would quoting the average. 1. The base for the percentages in the number indicating purchases is not the total number in the group. 2. Too few reported to complete percentages 3. Purchases include those in Kennewick and in the Columbia Avenue Area. -108- -109- TABLE 64 4. Source PascoGroups questioned Kennewick TABLE 66 In Per Cents Groups questioned Yes No T otal TABLE 65 In Per Cents Yes~TGroups questioned No answer T otal 51.9 22.2 25.9 100.0 20.655.9 23.5 100.0 Total New Residents 50.5 39.5 10.0 100.0 Total Old Residents 44.0 6.649.4 47.6T otal Sample 44.2 8.4 100.0 40.833.3 25.9 0.0 100.0 26.5 44.2 29.9 0.0 100.0 Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Pasco New Residents Old Residents 67.5 35.2 48.9 52.2 50.6 53.2 59.7 56.2 36.7 28.4 32.9 34.5 36.3 35.3 72.7 92.2 19.0 18.4 15.5 10.1 13.1 10.1 10.4 10.3 > concerning the good job serving 0.0 5.6 3.2 0.0 1..6 72.4 73.5 12.1 3.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Pas co New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco 49.4 44.8 47.3 42.5 37.0 39.4 50.0 44.7 45.5 52.2 48.6 5.1 3.0 4.1 100.0 100.0 100.020.0 14.8 17.0 7.4 12.2 1. Too few in categories to give reliable percentages. However, segment is included in the totals 57.5 46.3 51.4 41.5 46.3 0.0 16.7 9.6 8.5 9.0 0.0 1.5 .6 1.5 .6 1.1 1. 2. 12.5 44.4 30.9 40.4 35.6 Opinion No answer Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents question, “In general, do you think the stores are doing a j the needs of the community?” 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total New Residents Total Old Residents Total Sample Answer: Answer: people." (Continued next page) Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents concerning the question, “On the whole, do you think that prices in the local stores are higher than those of neighboring communities?" Responses of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents to the question, “In what town do you usually buy Automobile Accessories ?” by area and length of residence. 3. Answer; “No, they have so much business they don’t care about getting more customers.” Too few in categories to give reliable percentages. However, segment is included in the totals. Opinion Trying2 No5 Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents^ Total Columbia Avenue Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents 1 T otal Columbia Avenue 48.5 53.0 50.5 “Yes, they are providing good service.” “I think they may be trying, but they just can’t serve all the I -111--110- TABLE 67 TABLE 68 Per CentsIn Per Cents T otalNo T otalGroups questioned answer Groups questioned wer 5.0 1.3 .7 14.874.1 11.1 66.714.8 18.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 20.6 8.8 100.0 61.811.8 23.5 0.0 100.02.9 .5 3.5Total New Residents 51.5 41.0 3.5 100.0 Total New Residents 36.539.0 20.0 3.5 1.0 100.0 51.8 11.3 1.2Total Old Residents 32.7 3.0 100.0 Total Old Residents 41.7 41.1 13.1 3.0 100.01.1 46.9 .842.9 7.1 3.3 100.0Total Sample Total Sample 38.640.2 16.8 3.3 100.01.1 “Yes, there is just too much business for the stores already1. “Yes, I think it is easy to find1. “I think they could probably compete all right if they would do a2. 5. find anything Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents concerning the question, “If new stores were to come into the area, do you think they would be able to stay in business ?” Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick 3. 4. 30.9 35.1 58.2 32.8 46.6 82.5 35.2 55.3 53.2 54.3 32.9 50.7 41.1 2.2 3.2 2.6 2.5 3.1 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 2. 3. 4. 5. Kennewick New Residents Old Residents T otal Kennewick Pasco New Residents Negroes Whites Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco “I think it is easy to find most things." “I think it is difficult to find many things.” “No, I think it is difficult to find anything.” 45.6 55.2 50.0 70.0 18.5 40.4 35.1 37.8 25.2 29.9 27.4 22.5 48.2 37.2 48.9 43.1 5.0 2 5.. 9 17.0 11.7 14.4 5.1 3.0 4.1 2.5 3.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 24.1 11.9 18.5 5.0 1.8 3.2 10.6 6.9 5.1 13.4 8.9 2.1 1.1 0.0 3.7 2.2 1.1 1.5 100.0 Answer: here.” Answer: fair job.” Answer: Answer: matter how good the new stores were.” Too few in categories to give reliable percentages. However, segment is included in the totals. Opinions of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents concerning the questions, “In general, do you think it is easy to get the things you want in the stores here?” Pasco New Residents Negroes 7.5 Whites 63.0 Total New Residents 39.4 Old Residents Total Pasco Opinion If a fair Would have job^ trouble^ Statement checked by person interviewed: practically everything I want in the stores here.” Statement checked: Statement checked: Statement checked: Too few in categories to give reliable percentages. However, segment is included in the totals. No4 __________________________Opinion____________ Easy to Easy to Difficult to Difficult to No find every-find most find many find ans- thing *things^ things = 4 Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue70.6 Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue “I think they would have trouble staying in business.” “No, stores already here would keep most of the business no Yes 1 -112- -113- TABLE 69 KennewickPascoType of merchandise TABLE ak KennewickPascoReason given Types of merchandise reported by Richland residents as having been pur chased in Pasco and Kennewick during September 1948 by city where pur chase was made. Lower prices than in Richland Wider selection of merchandise Better service than in Richland Enjoy going to another town to shop Enjoy Ride More stores Per cent of total reporting city 45 47 9 27 12 35 31 80 25 14 10 52 5 6 35 6 24 5 24 33 74 29 13 7 37 Per cent of total reporting city Thirty per cent of the Richland people expressed the opinion that prices were generally lower in Pasco than in Richland, twenty-eight per cent that they were lower in Kennewick, whereas only five per cent believed that Pasco prices, and three per cent that Kennewick prices, were higher than those in Richland. Prices were not the most important feature which led Richland people to shop in Pasco and Kennewick, however. It is clear that the major attraction in both cities was their wider selection of merchandise. The fact that many Richland people indicated they would probably con tinue to shop in Pasco and Kennewick may mean that they do not believe the expansion will make Richland stores adequate to meet their needs, On the other hand, Richland’s improvements could be such, not only to hold Richland trade at home, but to make Richland an important shopping center for the residents of Pasco and Kennewick. This would come about in those lines where Richland stores would stock a selection of merchandise at competitive prices, Such a development would have an adverse influence on the business potential in certain retail lines and, through it, the growth of Pasco and Kennewick. Reasons reported by Richland residents for shopping in Pasco and Kennewick during September 1948 by city in which shopping was done. groceries clothing furniture household goods electrical goods autos and auto accessories For the two years before the survey, because of a lack of alternatives, the retail stores of Pasco and Kennewick filled many of the needs of the expand ing Richland population and the new, relatively temporary community of North Richland. At the time the survey was in progress, Richland had launched a program to expand its retail and service capacity and to introduce competition into local trade. Those Richland people who reported purchases in Pasco and Kennewick during September 1948 were asked if they planned to continue pur chases in these cities after Richland’s expansion plans had materialized. Two thirds of those reporting purchases in Pasco and Kennewick answered this question. Of those answering, 81 per cent said they planned to continue to shop in Pasco and Kennewick, although many thought that the volume of their outside purchases would be less when the new stores in Richland were complete, To recapitulate, of the total Richland group replying to the questionnaire, 76 per cent shopped in Pasco and Kennewick in September 1948, and about 42 per cent planned to continue after Richland was to have expanded its retail facilities, although many of these predicted they would purchase less in Pasco and Kenne wick than they reported when answering the questionnaire. There is nothing in the shopping practices of Richland residents to support the notion that a large centralized commercial area will be developed It is clear that more Richland people shop in Kennewick for groceries and more in Pasco for other items. These latter items usually carry a higher price tag than groceries, particularly those typically purchased on out-of-town trips. This may account for the fact that typical expenditures, as noted above, were higher in Pasco than in Kennewick, When one recalls that Richland people did report substantial purchases in Pasco and Kennewick, whereas the reverse was not true, it is apparent that these cities, rather than Richland, serve as the regional shopping centers. APPENDIX A: • METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH Conclusions In the realm of retail purchases, the two cities tend to be self- TABLE 70 Area Number Pasco Kennewick 34Columbia Avenue 1. 1. sufficient. -114- The interviewers consisted of a graduate student at The State College of Washington and a number of persons, mostly school teachers, who had been in an Extension Class of the project leaders, A colored interviewer was used for the colored section of East Pasco, A danger to be guarded against in using this technique is that the personality of the interviewer may introduce some bias into the answer. A careful check of the types of answers received by each interviewer indicates no detectable bias due to the personality of the in terviewer. Before the survey proper was conducted, a tentative questionnaire was pre-tested on thirty-five householders. These householders were not picked with great care except that great care was used in seeing that both old and new residents were represented among the thirty-five. The results of the pre-test questionnaire were tabulated, and on the basis of these results the questionnaire was revised into its final form. along Columbia Avenue. Only about half of the Richland residents reported making purchases there, and their typical monthly expenditure was under $15.00. Less than a fifth of the expenditures was over $30.00. This would seem to be a precarious trade, most of which would be terminated by further development of grocery stores and filling stations in Richland. Number of People Interviewed in Pasco-Kennewick-Colum- bia Avenue Area in Sample One of these families is a Negro family living in Pasco more than 5 years. It has been omitted from the sample whenever “length of residence” and “race” were together as classifications. 7. The chief attraction of Pasco and Kennewick stores to Rich land people is in the wider selection of merchandise they carry. 4. The people of Kennewick show a somewhat more satisfied atti tude with their stores than do the people of Pasco, except in their satisfac tion with the selection of merchandise available. a shopping center for the other to any significant 8. Pasco tends to be the more attractive shopping center for Rich land residents in all lines of merchandise they carry. 1472 5. On the whole, the local residents are well impressed with their stores and believe they are trying to do a good job, even though half of those expressing an opinion think prices are higher locally than elsewhere and believe that new stores would have a fair chance of succeeding in competi tion with the ones now established. 9- The development of greater and more competitive retail facilities in Richland will affect retail volume in Pasco and Kennewick to the degree that Richland stores provide a greater selection of merchandise at competi tive prices. At the least, this development maybe expected to reduce the shopping of Richland residents in Pasco and Kennewick, at the most to at tract trade from Pasco and Kennewick to Richland. 3. New white residents are substantially less satisfied than old residents with local retail outlets; they not only say so, but they purchase more outside the city in which they live. Negroes are better satisfied with the stores than any other group. 1891 6. While Richland provides virtually no shopping outlet for local residents, Pasco and Kennewick provide substantial shopping opportunities for the residents of Richland. 2. Neither city is degree; such differences as do exist are in favor of Pasco. The majority of the data for Chapters 3-8 was gathered by interview ers during the months of August and September, 1948. The interviewers called on householders in their homes, and conducted an interview which lasted approxi mately one hour. The interviewers worked from questionnaires designed to secure facts about the families which the householders who were being inter viewed represented. It was also designed to secure important information bearing on their habits and attitudes, The questionnaire attempted to get at those habits, attitudes and facts which have the greatest bearing on the growth of the community and the satisfaction, or the lack of satisfaction, of the people who lived there. -116- Table 70 (con’t.) TABLE 71 Length of Residence TABLE 72 Area and Race Per Cent T otal Kennewick 53,7 Total Columbia Avenue 79.4 Total Sample 54,0 The basic breakdown used to analyze most of the data thus consists of a division into three areas, Pasco, Kennewick, and Columbia Avenue, with each area in turn being broken down into old and new residents, and with the new residents in Pasco being broken down in turn into Negroes and whites. Thus each basic breakdown includes, first, area of residence; second, length of residence; and third, race, Distribution of Sample of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Residents by Length of Residence in Area 97.6 36.3 49.7 -117- Another important breakdown of the new residents of Pasco was into a classification of Negroes and whites. This breakdown permitted the concen tration of all Negroes into one classification since they all lived in Pasco, and since, for all practical purposes, they had all come within five years preceding the time of the survey. Per cent of New Residents of Pasco-Kennewick-Columbia Avenue (less than 5 years) by Area and Race Pasco Negroes Whites Total Pasco For purposes of studying the data, the most important distinction is the length of time in which people lived in the area. This distribution is shown in Table 71. As explained in the Introduction to Part II, those who have lived in the area less than five years have been classified throughout the survey as “new” residents. Those living in the area five years or longer have been classified as “old” residents. New residents have moved into the area since the middle of 1943. This breakdown was chosen because it corresponds roughly with the beginning of the Hanford Project, which was the major factor in attracting large numbers of presently located new people to the area, 2 6,2 18.1 9,7 12,4 6,2 5.7 4.8 5.7 10,8 .3 The areas surveyed were Pasco, including the section known as East Pasco; Kennewick proper; and an area called in the write-up Columbia Avenue. Throughout the survey these three areas are treated separately. The Columbia Avenue Area may be defined roughly as the group of people living along the highway between Kennewick and the “Y.” Specifically, the Columbia Avenue Area is bounded on the east by the western City Limits of Kennewick, on the west by the west boundary of the “Y,” on the south by the railroad tracks, and on the north by the river. 2. One of these families did not give length of residence. It has been omitted from the sample, therefore, when “length of residence” has been used as a classification, Percentage Less than one year 1-2 years 3 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 and over Not indicatedOnce the areas had been defined, the problem was to select the house holds within the areas where the interviews would actually take place. To be sure that a household actually interviewed would be typical of all of the house holds in the area, it was necessary to adopt a procedure which would leave their choice entirely to chance--a random sample. The first step in this pro cedure was to select the blocks within which the interviews would take place. This selection was achieved by assigning numbers to blocks on the city maps of each area, then drawing numbers corresponding to the numbers of the blocks on the maps by chance from a basket. Next, the households within each block whose number had been drawn from the basket were plotted, The households where the interviews were to take place were also drawn by chance from a basket just as the blocks had been drawn from each area by chance. The inter viewers were then instructed to interview the households which had been drawn in the selected blocks. They were left no discretion in the selection of house holds to be interviewed. The result was a sample of 370 households in the three areas selected. (See Table 70) The ratio of householders interviewed to the actual number of households and to the actual population is different for each of the three areas. The Pasco sample represents one interview to each forty-two people; the Kennewick area, one to each thirty-eight people; and the Columbia Avenue area, a ratio which is not entirely certain. It probably is slightly higher than the Pasco sample. -119--118- TABLE 73 TABLE 74 Number of Persons -Pe.r9.Snt'a&e Total New Residents Total Old Residents Total Sample Breakdown of Pas co-Kennewick Survey Sample into Area, Length of Residence, and Race Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue sonably representative of the population in this area, and the integrity of the samples for Pasco and Kennewick has been preserved by treating it separately Percentage distribution of households in the Pasco- Kennewick Survey by the number of persons in the household Pasco Residents Negro White Old Residents Total Pasco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and over Not indicated 5,1 30,8 26,8 17.8 8,9 4.3 1.9 1,1 ,8 2.4 The use of the “area sample” method which has been described above, is the technique most universally used to secure a scientific sample. Studies have consistently demonstrated the superiority of the area method of sampling to other methods. In other words, the households actually interviewed in this study are typical of the households of the area. The one question that can be raised is as to the representative nature of the Columbia Avenue sample. This area lacked a fairly uniform block system. It was difficult to find people at home for interviews; therefore, such interviews were taken over a long span of time, and people were moving in and out of the area so rapidly that the sample actually becomes a sample of a floating population. This is further complicated by the fact that no good estimates of the total number of households or persons residing in the Columbia Avenue Area, were available. It is, therefore, difficult to state what ratio the thirty-four interviews in the Columbia Avenue Area bore to the number of households or the total populations actually resid ing in the area. It will, therefore, be difficult to say what numbers of people are actually represented in the opinions expressed by those interviewed in the Columbia Avenue Area. Since, however, the Columbia Avenue Area is so differ ent from the other areas covered by the survey, it has been valuable to keep it separate and to treat it as a unit by itself. The data gathered is probably rea- The age of the interviewee of the sample was weighted with older men. However, the age of the women in the sample is typical of the age distri bution of the women in the population of the area, As a whole, they were four years younger than the average population of women in the State of Washington, These age differentials are accounted for largely by the new group whose aver age age was considerably lower than the group who had lived in the area five years or longer. No attempt was made to define the term “family” or to determine the size of families in the sample. Size of household is a better measure of population, since it can be applied to living units which are more easily observ ed than “families” in the strict sense of the word. The average number of per sons per household in the sample was 3,23. (Table 74) Once the households to be interviewed had been selected, the next problem was to select the person within the household to be interviewed, Inter viewers were instructed to interview the heads of households or their spouses. About three-fourths of the interviews were with women, for the most the wives of the heads of households. Since the interviews were conducted normally during business hours, the woman of the house was generally the one home, This proportion between men and women is further emphasized by the fact that a number of the men interviewed were single men, The net result is that the data and opinions have been gathered from a preponderance of wives of heads of households. -121--120- TABLE 75 Average Size of HouseholdSegment of Population 3.08Total New Residents 3.44Total Old Residents 3.25Total Sample TABLE 76 Average Size of Household by Age of Female Head of Household of Pasco-Kennewick Survey. Average Size of HouseholdAge of Female Pasco New Residents Negro White Total New Residents Old Residents Total Pasco Kennewick New Residents Old Residents Total Kennewick Columbia Avenue New Residents Old Residents Total Columbia Avenue Average Size of Households in Sample of Pasco- Kennewick-Columbia Avenue Area 2.23 3.17 2.77 3.46 3.01 3.24 3.40 3.32 2.62 4.14 3.00 The younger new family has only ,46 children per household in school, whereas the older family living in the area for more than five years has an average of .72. 3.17 3.72 3.83 3.23 3.03 2.75 2.25 15 - 19 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 70 and over The average household size for new residents is 3,08 persons, com pared to 3.44 persons for old residents, For those residents who have lived in the area less than one year, the figure is 2,75 persons, (Table 75) The smaller families of the new residents is largely a reflection of their younger age. (Table 76) It is desirable to reappraise the sample at this point, There is every reason to believe that representative households were contacted, except for some doubts concerning representativeness of the rather fluid group of house holds in the Columbia Avenue Area, Within the household, the information and opinions gathered is largely that of the woman of the house, and where the household consisted of single men, of that man. It is not representative of the opinion of either the head of the house, or of young people who are either in their late teens or early twenties and who have as yet not established their own households. Children’s opinions likewise are omitted. While we cannot be sure that the data given by the women of the house and the opinions ex pressed by them are the same as those which would have been given by the man of the house, we have reason to believe that they would be relatively the same since the opinions given by women and those given by men do not seem to vary in any significant respect, One exception to this is that women did not seem to be sure of the exact nature of their husband’s occupation, (See Chapter II, Section III, The Occupational Pattern,) In addition to the questionnaire used for conducting interviews in the area, a questionnaire of a supplemental nature was mailed to every tenth resi dent of the City of Richland. These questionnaires attempted to get general opinions about the desirability of living in Pasco, Kennewick, and the Columbia Avenue Area, and also attempted to get specific information about buying habits and shopping preferences in Pasco and in Kennewick, The sampling techniques of this questionnaire were not as exact as those used by the inter viewers. Forty-seven per cent of the questionnaires mailed were returned. This always raises the questions of what the other 53 per cent of the people to whom questionnaires were sent would have said. In general, the question naires seemed to have been returned by a better than average group, so far as educational level is concerned and by those who had strong opinions one way or another. While the returns may indicate some bias, they retain con ■ siderable validity and the opinions contained in them throw a good deal of light on the growth and possibilities of the area. After the interviews had been finished and checked, the data from the questionnaires was transferred to IBM punch cards, one for each question naire. The data was then sorted and gathered into tables. Those tables show ing a significant relationship have been included in the study, Many tables have been discarded. A few of the questions asked in the questionnaire and some of the data gathered in the questionnaire has not been used because it -122- APPENDIX B: COPY OF QUESTIONNAIRE CONFIDENTIAL Date ) $ c. ) Number of bedrooms in this unit ) Number of persons regularly living in unit ) How many years have you lived in this house 2 ( ) per month (unfur How many years have you lived in the Kennewick-Pasco Area Do you Own What is the contract monthly rent What additional average monthly amount is paid for heat, light, water and cooking Trailer Other 15 ( ) $ $ 11 12 ( 13 ( 9 ( To ( If renter: a. b. Type of housing Regular or Furnished room STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON PASCO-KENNEWICK SURVEY, 1948 fuel Gross monthly rent Number of rooms in this unit If owner ) nished)? 8 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 ( ) 14 ( ) private 1 ( ) 2 ( ) own this unit? Specify 1 ( ) Rent - For how much would you rent this unit 1-3 Schedule No. ( ) 4 Address ( ) 5 City ( ) 6 Sex - Age _ ( ) 7 Race ( ) apparently had a minimum significance for the development of the communities once the results were exempt. Most of the data gathered in the questionnaires, however, is embodied in the study. -125--124- )4 What monthly payment (Include Inc., Int., taxes) ( )4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) How sure are you about this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly Do you think that the present increase will continue for the next five years ? Yes 1 ( ) 5 6 7 8 ( ( How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 17 ( ) 19 ( ) 16 ( ) 18 ( ) 20 ( ) 26 ( ) 28 ( ) 27 ( ) 21 ( ) 22 21 £ 23 ( ) 24 ( ) L_J. 25 31 ( ) ( ) working at Richland or Hanford to live here Yes, it is a good thing I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, it is harmful to the community No 2 ( ) Undecided 3 ( ) Which city do you think will grow faster, Pasco or Kennewick? Pasco 1 ( ) Kennewick 2 ( ) Undecided 3 ( ) Why? 29 ( ) ( ) Of the communities you have lived in during your life which one have you liked best? How big was this community? Do you think the population of Pasco and Kennewick is: ( ) Too big 1 ( ) Too small 2 ( ) Just right 3 ( ) How large do you think Pasco and Kennewick will become ? ( ( ( ( If you had $10,000 to invest, would you buy real estate in this town even at today’s high prices? Yes, I couldn’t lose I think I would buy I don’t think I would buy No, it would be an almost sure way to lose money 30 ( ) ( ) ) ) ) Do you think that it is good for the community to have people — ‘ ' permanently? 1 2 3 4 1 ( ) 2 ( ) In general are you satisfied with your housing? Yes, I am very satisfied I am fairly satisfied I am quite dissatisfied No, I am very dissatisfied Why on (3) or (4) Do you plan to move within next 3 years ? Remain in present quarters Move and rent in Pasco Move and rent in Kennewick Buy or build house in Pasco Buy or build house in Kennewick Leave area Why? Where would you prefer to make your home ? Inside Kennewick or Pasco Outside the cities If you plan to buy or build What price house, including lot, would you buy or build? $__ ________ __ What down payment would you be willing to make ? If you plan to rent would you prefer ( ) Single family structure 1 Apartment 2 Duplex 3 Othe r 4 What monthly rent including heat, light, water, and cooking fuel ) would you be willing to pay? $ In what community have you spent the most years of your life ? How big was this community? On the whole are the newcomers who have taken up permanent resi dence here during the past few years as good people as are the old residents ? Yes, I am sure they are They are no better and no worse I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, I am sure they are not as good as the old residents -126- -127- good job ( ) ( )1 ( ) (3 )2 ( ) (4 )3 s I If res. stores are higher than those of neighboring ( )1 ( )2 )(3 (4 In what town do you usually buy? Groceries Clothing Furniture Electrical Goods Household Goods Automobile and Accessories 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Yes No 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 2 3 4 1 2 5 ( 6 ( 7 ( 8 ( 1 ( 2 ( 3 ( 4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 8 ) ) ) ) ) ) 33 ( ) 37 ( ) ( ) 34 ( ) 35 ( ) 39 ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 36 ( ) ( ) 40 ( ) ( ) 38 ( ) ( ) ( ( ( ( easy to get the things you want are doing a How sure are you about this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure What kind of job considering the j are doing ? an excellent job doing a doing a How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly What things do you like best about this town? (See appropriate card) In general, do you think the community is a P Pasco K Kennewick R Richland W Walla Walla Y Yakima M Mail Order O Other (Specify) Have you made any large purchases (i.e. stove, living room chair, coat, etc. during the past year? ________ (Spec if y) ( ( ( ( overcrowding do you think Continued on next page. If new stores were to come into the area, do you think they would be able to stay in business ? Yes, there is just too much business for the stores already here I think they could probably compete all right if they would do a fair job I think they would have trouble staying in business No, stores already here would keep most of the business no matter how good the new stores were answers (3) and (4) ask what items On the whole, do you think that prices in the local 1 " ' communities? 32 In general, do you think the community is a better place to live ( ) because it has grown rapidly during the last few years? Yes, it was just what this town needed 1 I think it is some better 2 I guess it has hurt the town more than it has helped it No, it’s the worst thing that could have happened In general, do you think the stores serving the needs of the community Yes, they are providing good service I think they may be trying, but they just can’t serve all the people No, they have so much business they don’t care about getting more customers How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly In general, do you think it is in the stores here? Yes, I think it is easy to find practically every thing I want in the stores here I think it is easy to find most thing I think it is difficult to find many things No, I think it is difficult to find anything the local schools They are doing I think they are doing a pretty good job I think they are doing a poor job They are worse than most schools -128- -129- What branches of the city government do you think are the worst? 1 ( ) No .2 ( ) No 2 ( ) 48 ( ) 2 ( )No What do you think the community should do? ( ) )(4 next page) Continued on next page. ) ) 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) the adults ? Yes sure not capable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) town are all How sure are you about this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure 5 6 7 8 45(con’t.) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly If “No” what improvements should be made? 5 6 7 8 ) ) ) ) ) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 41 ( ) 43 ( ( If respondent answers (3) and (4) hand him appropriate card. In general, do you think the recreation facilities are adequate for ( ) ( ( ( If “Yes” -- 44 ( ) ( ) 45 ( ) ( ) 49 ( ) ( ) 42 ( ) (Continued on If “No” what facilities are needed? In general, do you think the recreation programs are adequate for It I 1 • . 1 • . 40 (con’t.) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly What branches of the city government do you think are the best? the people ? Yes, I am sure they are I think so, but I am not sure I do not think so, but I am not No, I am sure the leaders are 47 - - - - - - ( ) the youth in this town? ( ) Yes 1 ( ) Do you think that the community should try to improve the housing facilities for temporary workers ? Yes 1 ( ) 46 ( ) ( ) ( ( ( ( In general, do you think the sanitation in this town is good? Yes, the sanitation is excellent I think the sanitation is pretty good t think the sanitation is pretty poor No, the sanitation is terrible in this town In general, do you think that most of the leaders in this capable and ambitious and really trying to do their best for On the whole, would you say that the water supply is the health of the town? Yes, water here is very poor I think the water is probably poor I think the water is pretty good No, the water supply is excellent a danger to How sure are you about this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure On the whole, do you think that the medical facilities (hospitals, doctors, nurses, and dentists) are adequate? Yes, anybody who needs medical care gets excellent attention 1 I think a good share of the people get the attention they need 2 I think medical care is pretty poor here 3 No, people just cannot get good medical treatment here -130- -131- like home to you ? How many Negroes do you think should live in the two cities ? ' crime than you would )2 ( from the South? (Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, 1 ( ) ( )No 2 2 ( ) (Continued 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Just in the stores and on the street Work with them In the home as domestic servants Yes, it does now I think it may in time I don’t think it will, but I am not sure No, it never will 1 2 3 4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ' ) ) ( ( ( ( ( How sure are you about this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure ( ( 64 ( ) 62 ( ) Do you think that the proportion of Negroes in the population of Kennewick and Pasco will increase during the next five years ? Increase 1 ( ) Decrease 2 ( ) Stay same 3 ( ) Do you think that practically all of the Negroes living in Kennewick- Pasco area came Arkansas, etc.) Yes In general, do you think that segregation would solve the Negro pro- Yes, I am sure they are I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, I am sure they are easy to find 59 ( ) present time. How many Negroes do you think live in Pasco and Kennewick ? 51 ( ) ( ) 57 ( ) ( ) 58 ( ) ( ) 50 ( ) ( ) 63 ( ) ( ) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly 5 Fairly strongly 6 Not so strongly 7 Not at all strongly 8 The total population of Pasco and Kennewick is about 15,000 at the Do you think this town will ever seem ( ( ( ( hard to find in this town? 60 ( ) 6? ( ) blem in Pasco and Kennewick? Yes ( ) JK No ( ) AB In general, do you think that there is segregation now in Pasco and Kennewick ? Yes ( ) AJ No ( ) BK If answer is “Yes” Where? On the whole, do you think everyone helps to decide how com munity activities should be run? Yes 1 ( ) No How sure are you about this ? Very sure 5 Not so sure 6 Fairly sure 7 Not at all sure 8 What contacts have you had with Negroes while living in Kennewick or Pasco ? 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) on next page) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly On the whole, do you feel that there is more expect in a town of this size? Yes 1 ( ) No 49(con’t.) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Fairly strongly Not at all strongly In general, do you think real friends are How sure are you of this ? Very sure Fairly sure Not so sure Not at all sure 52-56 What do you think are the five most important problems which Pasco ) and Kennewick will face during the next five years ? ) (See appropriate card) ) ) ) -132- 4 ( ) PTA, church groups 5 ( ) 4 ( ) )(1 )(2 Why do you think )(3 )(4 being treated fairly In general, do you think that it is all right for Negroes to buy their )(4 71 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )’ ) ) 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 ( 6 ( 7 ( 8 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ■( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 5 6 7 8 ( ( ( How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 69 ( ) ( ) 67 ( ) ( ) 68 ( ) ( ) ) ) ) ) 66 ( ) ( ) 65 ( ) ( ) 70 ( ) ( ) -133- Doyou think that Negroes should be encouraged~tol.eaveThe’area? 1 ( 2 ( 8 ( groceries in the same stores as white people do? Yes, I am sure they should I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, they shouldn’t buy in the same stores If respondent indicates (1) or (2) in first section ask Negroes should be encouraged to leave?” (Try to get specific answer) Yes, I would move out as quickly as possible I think I would start looking around for another place I think I would wait and see what kind of a family it was No, I wouldn’t think any more about it than if it were a white family good thing for the country, all people > moving from the South to northern Yes, I certainly do I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, it is perfectly all right for them to stay here 64(con’t.) As neighbors In organizations such as etc. Other (specify) Suppose a Negro family moved into the place next door to you. Do you think you would move ? ( ( ( In general, do you think that ideas of “white supremacy” and “keeping the Negroes in their place” are opposed to the principles of American democracy ? Yes, I am sure they are I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, these ideas are perfectly consistent with democracy If you were eating in a restaurant and a Negro sat down at the next table before you had been served, would you get up and leave the restaurant ? Yes, I certainly would I think I might, but I am not sure I don’t think I would, but I am not sure No, I would go on and order the meal How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly In general, do you think it is a [ considered, to have many Negroes or western cities ? Yes, I am. sure it is helping the country 1 ( ) (Continued on next page) How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly On the whole, do you think that Negroes are in this town ? Yes, I am sure they are I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, I am sure they are not treated fairly -134- For Refe •'XV' Highest grade completed in school by you78 Number of children in household attending school? Check the broad income group in which your total household money income for 1947 fell. (Exclude income of servants, lodgers, or hired hands) Give respondent appropriate card, How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly Occupation of family head Type of employment __ Number of people in household employed ___ Exclude income of servants, lodgers, or hired hands_ What newspapers do you read regularly? (Hand respondent card) What magazines do you read regularly? 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 71(con’t.) I think so, but I am not sure I don’t think so, but I am not sure No, I’m sure it is hurting the country How strongly do you feel about this ? Very strongly Fairly strongly Not so strongly Not at all strongly 5 6 7 8 76 ( ) 72 ( ) ( ) *°tto^enfro _ ___ 79 ( ) ( ) 73-75 ( ) ( ) ( ) Place of employment 5 6 7 ( 8 ( 80 ( ) 77 ( ) If you were in the movies where there were only a few vacant seats and a Negro sat in the seat next to you, do you think you would leave? Yes, I certainly would I think I would, but I am not sure I don't think I would, but I am not sure No, I’d continue watching the movie

1948 Discrimination Study by what would become CBC

Archive

East Benton County Historical Society | Museum at Keewaydin

Name/Title