Booklet, Shaler, Rislone, Improved Motor Performance from Correct Valve Action

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Waupun Historical Society

Shaler Rislone Advertising Brochure.

Shaler Rislone Advertising Brochure.

Name/Title

Booklet, Shaler, Rislone, Improved Motor Performance from Correct Valve Action

Scope and Content

Booklet advertising Shaler Rislone. Shaler Rislone advertising brochure. Not dated. IMPROVED MOTOR PERFORMANCE FROM CORRECT VALVE ACTION SHALER RISLONE AN OIL ALLOY DISSOLVES ALL TYPES OF MOTOR GUMS ALL VALVES ARE STICKY VALVES GUARANTEE Shaler - Rislone is guaranteed not to contain kerosene, gasoline, abrasives, graphite, rust removers, carbon - tetrachloride, harmful acids, or other ingredients, which can in any way harm the most delicate parts of a motor. THE SHALER COMPANY MILWAUKEE AND WAUPUN WISCONSIN MOTOR "TUNE - UP" An engine loses its good operating characteristics primarily because of three specific factors. In order, they are: 1. Gums collecting on valve stems causing slow, lazy valve action with consequent loss of compression. Extended Description: Booklet advertising Shaler Rislone. Shaler Rislone advertising brochure. Not dated. IMPROVED MOTOR PERFORMANCE FROM CORRECT VALVE ACTION SHALER RISLONE AN OIL ALLOY DISSOLVES ALL TYPES OF MOTOR GUMS ALL VALVES ARE STICKY VALVES GUARANTEE Shaler - Rislone is guaranteed not to contain kerosene, gasoline, abrasives, graphite, rust removers, carbon - tetrachloride, harmful acids, or other ingredients, which can in any way harm the most delicate parts of a motor. THE SHALER COMPANY MILWAUKEE AND WAUPUN WISCONSIN MOTOR "TUNE - UP" An engine loses its good operating characteristics primarily because of three specific factors. In order, they are: 1. Gums collecting on valve stems causing slow, lazy valve action with consequent loss of compression. 2. Natural wear and tear on the ignition system, requiring periodic adjustment and replacement of parts. 3. Changes in the carbureting system, due to varying atrnospheric conditions, fuels, and engine conditions. The effect of each of these causes on engine operation is influenced by each of the others. To illustrate, slow valve action reduces the compression pressure. This permits oil to work into the combustion chamber, fouling the spark plugs. The lazy valve action also reduces the vacuum in the cylinder on intake which results in taking in an improper charge of gas. CHANGE IN CONDITION GRADUAL The loss from top - notch operating characteristics in an engine begins within 500 miles of driving after a"tuneup," and it is so gradual that the driver seldom realizes that it is going on until a decided "miss" sends him in for another "tune - up." Usually the driver is amazed at the improvement in performance after the engine has been tuned up. If Rislone had been used to free the valves from gums after the first 500 miles, the driver would have noticed a return to top - notch operating conditions, and could have delayed another "tune - up"' for thousands of miles. "TUNE-UP" PROCEDURE Every thorough "tune - up" must cover three fields of operation: valves, ignition, and carburetion. It has been the practice in the past to grind the valves as the first step to "tune - up." Valve grinding has been proven to be as old fashioned as hand cranking. Valves which must be removed are beyond the regrinding stage. They should be either refaced or replaced. Not one valve in thousands needs regrinding. If the gum is removed from the stem so the valve can work freely in the guide, that valve, unless warped or the stem bent, will reseat itself. By the use of Shaler - Rislonc, valve gums can be removed without removing the head. It contains all the ingredients necessary to remove every known type of gum. Incidentally it is the only material which will do so. A STANDARD "TUNE - UP" A Standard "tune - up" should be made as follows: 1. Remove, test, clean, adjust or replace spark plugs. 2. Check compression with gauge. 3. Pour a tablespoonful of Shaler - Rislone in each plug hole and turn the engine with starter to spread the Rislone. On overhead engines, pour a like amount of Shaler - Rislone on the stem of each valve instead of pouring it into the plug hole. 4. Replace plugs in engine. 5. Check ignition, wiring, etc. 6. Start engine and warm to normal operating ternperature. 7. Adjust carburetor using an Air Fuel Ratio Analyzer or its equivalent. 8. Recheck compression. 9. Test car. ALL VALVES ARE "STICKY" There should never be any question as to when to treat the engine for sticky valves. ALL VALVES ARE STICKY VALVES AND SHOULD ALWAYS BE TREATED AS SUCH. The foregoing treatment is temporary. To make it permanent, Shaler - Rislone should be added to the crankcase oils in the proportion of 25% Shaler - Rislone and 75% of regular oil. This will maintain the "tune - up" effect indefinitelv so long as the proportion of Rislone is not changed by the addition of new oil. To be safe add one quart of Rislone to each 3 quarts of new oil added. On cars equipped with overhead oilers. Shaler - Rislone is an ideal liquid to use as a refill. We do not advocate the use of Shaler - Rislone or any other material through the fuel, first, because such practice harrns carburetion, secondly, because the efficiency of the material is destroyed when passing through the extremely high temperatures of compression and combustion. ALL VALVES are STICKY VALVES Lost Compression BECAUSE Valves Are Not Seating Completely BECAUSE Gums Have Accumulated on Valve Stems, Rings and Guides Compression and lost Power Restored BECAUSE Valves Seat Forcibly BECAUSE Gums on Valve Stems, Rings and Guides Have Been Removed WITHOUT RISLONE WITH RISLONE THIS STUFF CALLED "GUMS" ON VALVE STEMS Because of the nature of modern gasolines and oils, all valves are sticky valves. They vary only in the degree of stickiness . . . When the gum deposits on the valves, guides, and rings become so heavy that the valves do not seat properly, compression is lost, with its corresponding loss of power and pep. The addition of Shaler - Rislone to your favorite oil corrects this chronic condition. Shaler - Rislone actually eliminates and prevents gum formations on valves, guides, and rings. It will cause an immediate feelable improvement in the performance of any engine, because it assures perfect valve action through the removal of troublesome gums. OLD MOTOR STIMULANT Very little has been written about the part that gums play in actually "stealing" power from modern motors. Shaler engineers set about to study "gums" and their effect on motor efficiency ... to discover the real truths about these "hijackers" of power. They know more about "gums" than any other body of engineers. ... Thc facts which follow are authentic ... they are engineering data in non - technical language. (1) A valve which reaches its seat forcibly after every opening ... never needs grinding ... never wears out but always wears in . . . never burns ... and never warps. (2) Loss of power in most cases is directly traceable to poor valve action. (3) Valves are the heart of the engines. Upon their tightness depends the compression of the engine. Full power cannot be Obtained without full compression and full compression is not possible with leaky valves. (4) Valves in modern high compression engines sometime exceed a temperature of 1800 degrees F. (5) A valve cannot work freely and seat forcibly when the stem and guide are covered with sticky gums. (6) Gums form on the lower end of the stem ... (the part of the stem in the guide farthest from the head) and not at the upper end as is comnonly supposed. ... Consequently, sticky valves must be corrected from below. (7) Gums form more quickly and to a greater degree in motors which are run at ordinary speeds and in normal service, than in those driven at high speeds. 08) Gums are the result of what might be called an oxidation of fuels, anti-knock comltounds and lubricating oils. (9) All fuels and oils will form gums in spite of claims to the contrary. (10) Very rare chemicals and compounds are necessary to remove gums while the motor is operating. Kerosene will soften them only temporarily and if constantly applied will cause worse gumming. (11) The results of "lazy," slow-seating valves are: poor low speed operation, low speed "buck," noisy valves, poor power, sluggish acceleration, and hard starting. There is no mechanical method to stop gmms from forming on the valve stems and around the rings. The gums come from the modern fuels and oils. They make valves close sluggishly and the rings stick in their grooves. They cause loss of power and pep ... and gummy motors are lazy motors. Shaler - Rislone will eliminate and prevent the formation of these troublesome gumms. Sticky valves can be corrected without removing the head of the motor. The consistent use of Shaler - Rislone (1 quart of Shaler - Rislone to each 3 quarts of oil) will keep the motor free front sluggishness. Shaler - Rislone is so efficient and works so quickly that a remarkable improvement in performance will be noticed within a few miles. Shaler - Rislone does not adversely thin the regular oil at operating temperatures. It does not boil off. Shaler - Rislone always stays perfectly mixed with other petroleum oils. It does not contain harmful ingredients and can not harm an engine. AN OIL ALLOY REMOVES THE GUMS SHALER RISLONE RESTORES POWER INCREASES TOP SPEEDS STALLED! BATTERY DEAD! Because the oil Could Not Flow AHALER - RISLONE MAKRES the oil flow at sub-zero temperatures! One of the outstanding features of Shaler - Rislone is a material used in its formula that will lower the "pour - point" of paraffin base oils 30 degrees without affecting its lubricating value. Batteries today are subjected to terrific loads! Added to their normal functions of spinning the motor and furnishing "juice" for head lights, cowl, dash, tail and stop lights, they are now taxed beyond their capacities with radios, cigar lighters, defrosting apparatus, heaters and many other electrical contrivances. Along comes cold weather and oil congeals in the crankcase - goes into a semisolid, thick "molasses like" state - setting up tremendous resistance to the starting motor and weakening the battery. The most effective help for the battery is to cut down the starting load by keeping the oil free - flowing. Shaler - Rislone - an oil alloy - added to the regular oil in the crankcase (1 quart Shaler - Rislone to each 3 quarts of the regular oil) will keep the oil fluid at subzero temperatures. BEWARE of so called "Special Oils" that thin the lubricating oil to the danger point! NEVER use penetrating oils in engines! In the winter the same combustion heat, the same compression heat, and the same frictional heat are generated as in summer. It is wrong to dangerously thin oil and destroy its protecting body. Winter lubrication must be as positive as summer lubrication for the "driving temperature" remains about the same in both seasons. That is why with Shaler - Rislone added (1 quart of Shaler - Rislone for each 3 quarts of oil) your regular oil can be used the year round and assures immediate starting in extremely cold weather. Shaler - Rislone will keep the oil from getting thick and heavy at low temperatures. As soon as you put your foot on the starter, Shaler - Rislone takes the oil to the most remote parts of the engine. In fact, while the motor is standing, Shaler - Rislone creeps up the cylinder walls, giving the rings and pistons a film of lubrication so that they will start on a healthy body of oil. When a small quantity of Shaler - Rislone is mixed with the transmission lubricant, gear shifting at below zero is as free as in midsummer, and requires only "two-finger pressure." To make a motor start quickly and easily it is necessary to have: lst, a fast turnover of the crankshaft; 2nd, an adequate hot spark; 3rd, excellent carburetion and perfect choking; and 4th, a good fuel. The most important is a fast cranking speed .... That is where the use of Shaler - Rislone solves the problem. If the starter and battery are in good condition, it would seem that they should be able to spin the motor even in coldest weather. But they can't because at low temperatures all ordinary motor oil becomes sticky and holds the parts together creating considerable resistance. "Zero pour - point" oils assist in winter starting, but the true facts of the case are that most oils become thick and sticky from 15° to 30 above their pour - point. Right there is the answer. Oil alone is not enough. To keep oil fluid and mobile at low temperatures - something must be mixed with oil which does not adversely thin it . . . but which does lower its "pour - point." With Shaler - Rislone added, the oil will flow at a temperature 30 lower than the ordinary oil and still maintain all of its full lubricating properties. That is a patented feature of Shaler - Rislone. Compare the effect of adding Shaler - Rislone with that of adding, ordinary penetrating and thinning liquids. When unsuspecting motorists have added these diluents in the past, their previously good oil has been dangerously thinned and its lubricating value destroyed. Shaler - Rislone will not harm the oil. It will help it. It makes good oil a better lubricant. "BREAK-IN" Here is what happens with Ordinary Oil Oil Globules Act As Rollers When metal is machined, either honed, bored, or ground, its surface is not smooth. Under the microscope it is a mass of tiny peaks of metal, which look like the nap on a carpet. The purpose of ordinary lubrication is to prevent this "jagged" surface of the piston from rubbing against the "jagged" surface of the cylinder wall. In a new, tightly fitted motor, the globules of oil, due to their size, act as rollers between these two surfaces . . . completely separating them. That separation causes slow, correct "break - in". Sometimes They Flatten Out In the course of "break - in" with ordinary oil, at certain times during the stroke of the piston, there is a great side pressure. This side pressure tends to flatten out the globules of oil, allowing the "peaks" on the piston to strike the "peaks" on the cylinder wall at an angle . . . peening both "peaks" down into the little "valleys" which surround them. In flattening these "peaks" into the "valleys" or pores, the pores are filled with metal. This constitutes an unscientific "break - in" . . . for the resulting smooth surface leaves no indentation to which oil can cling. Each stroke of the piston wipes the healthy film off the cylinder wall, leaving an insufficient surface of oil ... naturally, unusual wear results. Peaks bent over into valleys Oil film wiped off with each stroke of the piston Flat surfaces will not hold oil film Results of breaking - in a motor with Ordinary Oil 1 Slow tedious break - in 500 miles or more at 25 miles per hour 2 Unnecessary wear due to poor Lubrication 3 UNSCIENTIFIC method "BREAK - IN" Here is what happens with SHALER - RISLONE, an oil alloy, added to the regular oil SCIENTIFIC "Break - in" The correct "break - in" of a motor demands a quick shearing of these "peaks" .. leaving the pores or "valleys" to hold the oil and act as reservoirs. Because the globules of Shaler - Rislone are but one twenty - fifth the size of oil globules, they can creep into these tiny "valleys", allowing the peaks to lightly come together and shear cleanly. After a few movements of the surfaces, a continuous series of flat plateaus is formed, presenting a mirror - like surface to the eye . . . but actually leaving tiny oil reservoirs for perfect lubrication. Smaller Globules Allow "Peaks" and "Valleys" To Come Together This scientifically correct "break - in" takes place within the first few miles .. . allowing normal driving speeds after this short period. The tedious 500 mile "break - in" is eliminated. With clearance established between the surfaces, lubricating oil may do its work. Due to the action of the "Law of Wetted Surfaces", Shaler - Rislone draws the oil into places it could not go alone. Thus, the addition of Shaler - Rislone to lubricating oil breaks in a motor far quicker, far safer and better than any other known method. Result of breaking - in a motor with SHALER - RISLONE 1 Break - in process greatly facilitated 2 Perfect lubrication at all times 3 SCIENTIFIC method based on Engineering Truths Peaks quickly sheared leaving valleys To the eye a mirror smooth surface All plateaus evenly sized Valleys hold small globules of Rislone providing perfect lubrication LUBRICATION Lubrication briefly means the complete separation of two moving parts by a film of oil which has sufficient body or strength to withstand extremely high pressure without breaking through or "squeezing" out. Lubricating oil provides a protective film between moving parts because it has a certain amount of adhesion and penetration. It is made up of a mass of tiny round globules in the shape of minute balls, which have a tendency to roll when movement occurs. Consequently, the surface is slippery, and the rolling action of these tiny round globules lessens friction. OIL FILM No one has, as yet, determined the proper thickness of an oil film for adequate lubrication. However, it is known that any film which will completely separate the parts is adequate for safe lubrication. PHYSICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF LUBRICATING OIL The commonly used specifications are gravity, color, pour - point, viscosity, flash and fire, emulsification, carbon residue, acidity, and sulphur content. GRAVITY Gravity is of importance in the control of refining operations, because the test is quickly and easily made and furnishes information which is useful for process control. Gravity of a petroleum oil is a numerical value, used as an index of the weight of it measured volume of that oil. COLOR The color of petroleum oil - is described and defined in terms of color by reflected light or transmitted light. Color does not indicate quality, neither does it indicate the viscosity, body, or lubricating value. POUR - POINT Petroleum oil becomes more or less plastic when chilled. The temperature at which the oil just flows is known as the pour - point. The pour - point gives an indication of the temperature below which it may not be possible to pour oil from a given container. However, the size and shape of a container, or the force exerted upon the oil, and the nature of its physical structure when solidified, all affect its tendency to flow. Pour - point does not indicate the starting ability of an oil, as many oils will not permit easy starting at 30 above their pour - point. VISCOSITY The viscosity of an oil is the measure of its resistance to flow. As oil becomes thicker and slower moving, the viscosity is said to increase. There are several types of apparatus for taking viscosity readings. That generally used today is known as the Saybolt viscosimeter, the oil being measured for the length of time necessary for a given amount to flow from a calibrated container through a definite size of opening at certain and various temperatures. Viscosities are indicated in seconds at certain temperatures. For instance, an oil with a 36 viscosity at 210 has been found to flow through the opening in the Saybolt instrument in 36 seconds when maintained at a temperature of 210 F. For lubricating oils, viscosity is probably the most important single property. However, the requirements of automotive engines, from a viscosity standpoint, vary widely; consequently, there can be no set rule as to proper oil viscosity for every type of motor. Aside from the possibility of greater oil consumption, it is better to use an oil of low viscositv than one of high viscosity. Viscosity affects the thickncss of the film of oil only when the space between the parts is abnormally large. However, if the parts are closely fitted all and a very viscous oil is used, there is a great possibility of under - lubrication because of the fact that the oil cannot enter, when very viscous, between the closely fitted parts. The oil film is not always the same in an engine. For instance, we may have a healthy oil film on a bearing while climbing a hill. Then, let us suppose that the engine starts to detonate or knock. This puts a heavy strain or pressure on the bearings which tends to squeeze the oil out, thereby decreasing the thickness of the film. FLASH AND FIRE TESTS The flash - point of an oil is the temperature to which it must be heated in order to give off sufficient vapor to form an inflammable mixture with air. The fire - point is the temperature to which that product must be heated in order to burn continuously after the inflammable mixture is once ignited. EMULSIFICATION The tendency of an oil to mix with water is called the emulsification test. In automobile engines, where the possibility of water getting into the oil in the crankcase has been eliminated, it has absolutely no value and should be disregarded. CARBON RESIDUE The carbon residue test is a prescribed operation to determine the comparative carbon forming tendencies of lubricating oils, but it does not indicate the amount of carbon of any oil which may be deposited on pistons or in cylinders. ACIDITY Practically all petroleum oils contain substances which have acid characteristics. A proportion of these substances present in an oil is known as organic acidity. As those acid compounds are natural constituents of crude petroleum, their presence in finished lubricating oil is not an indication of improper refining or poor quality; so that the acidity, as generally given in the better grades of oil, is not at all vital as to the quality of the oil. SULPHUR CONTENT The total sulphur content of ordinary lubricating oil is of no known significance, but it has been found that sulphur, when in the oil up to a proportion not exceeding two per cent, has improved the lubricating qualities of the oil. However, for various reasons, automotive engineers do not favor oils unless they have a very low sulphur content, although many are now beginning to recognize its importance. OIL ALLOY Unfortunately, it has been taken for granted that petroleum oil, as refined, is perfect. However, nature is not perfect and man's ingenuity can usually improve upon nature's elements. Gold is always improved for commercial use by mixing with it some other metals. Iron, as it comes from the ground, has no commercial value, but when it is mixed with an alloy it becomes a good grade of steel. Rubber, as it comes from the tree, is not of any commercial value unless other materials are mixed with it. So it is with oil. Until Shaler - Rislone was discovered, there was no alloy for oil which could in any way improve its effectiveness. By the addition of Shaler - Rislone as an alloy, any lubricating oil can be improved to the extent of doing its own work better and doing far more than merely lubricating. There are more duties for an oil to perform in an engine than mere lubrication. It must conduct heat readily. It should throw off the gums, and oxides, which are byproducts of combustion. THE USE OF LIGHT OR HEAVY BODIED OILS The movement of heavy bodied oils causes more friction than light bodied oils, consequently for better lubrication and to assure all parts being thoroughly lubricated, the lighter bodied oil should be used wherever possible. Many factors determine the density or viscosity of the proper oil to be used in any engine, but still the lighter bodied oil, capable of carrying the "load" and holding a film between the moving parts, should be used. Light oils have been recommended for use in winter merely to facilitate starting. Until the introduction of Shaler - Rislone, there were no products which would give better starting except those which would dilute the oil dangerously, consequently, the manufacturers recommended a lighter oil in winter than in summer. The temperatures inside an engine, where an oil works, are about the same summer and winter. Heat generated in the engine comes from three sources: friction, compression, and combustion. All of these are present summer and winter to the same extent, consequently, we should use the same consistency of oil summer and winter. With the addition of Shaler - Rislone, we will cause perfect starting without dangerously diluting the oil. OIL CHANGES Oil never wears out. It becomes thin and discolored, but thinness is from dilution by fuels, and the discoloration is from washing against the carbon formation oil the underside of the pistons. Dilution usually occurs, to the fullest extent, in the first fifty or hundred miles of running, and then gets no worse. Discoloration occurs in the first few minutes of running and does no harm. If Shaler - Rislone is used consistently and if an oil filter is used, ordinarily there is no reason for changing oil under a mileage of ten thousand miles. FACTS ABOUT SHALER - RISLONE Shaler - Rislone is a liquid having the appearance of all oil. It is artificially colored blue and carries a distinctive odor for identification purposes. Its formula comprises exclusive chemical combinations held together with a specially refined oil, all of which are a result of extensive research oil the part of Shaler engineers. Shaler - Rislone will improve the performance of any engine so that the performance is measurable and feelable to engineers or laymen. It will improve starting of engines at any temperature. It will assist in the break - in of new and rebuilt engines, permitting normal driving speeds immediately. Shaler - Rislone is always used in combination with the regular oil. The proper proportions are 25% Shaler - Rislone and 75% of the regular oil. In engines, it should always be used in the crankcase. Although Shaler - Rislone has every appearance of being an oil, it should not be so classed. Although the great laboratories of the country have found that Shaler - Rislone, itself, has the lubricating qualities of the finest motor oil, it must be remembered that the use of Shaler - Rislone is to improve the oil used by chemical action. PENETRATING OILS Shaler - Rislone should not be confused with ordinary penetrating oil because it has none of the characteristics of penetrants. Penetrating oils use for their base kerosene. There is not a drop of kerosene in Shaler - Rislone. We honestly believe that for spring lubrication and such places where penetrating oils are needed, there are better products than Rislone. But these products must be kept out of the engine because of the harnlful effects which they have on the lubricating oil. STICKY VALVES Engine performance depends, to a great extent, on the reseating of the valves after each opening. If the valve does not contact its seat after each opening, a certain amount of power is lost, resulting in an uneven, sluggish engine. GUMS RESPONSIBLE The greatest cause of poor seating of valves is due to a format ion of sticky gums on the valve stems low in the guides. When this gum forms, the valve action slows down and the valve does not come in complete contact with the seat, resulting in lost compression. In the Shaler - Rislone formula are exclusive and little known materials which counteract and prevent the formation of gums, consequently a vast difference in the performance of an engine can be felt as soon as Shaler - Rislone is used, because as these gums are removed the valves contact forcibly with their seats and are able to reseat themselves. In the average engine the effects will be noticeable within fifteen miles of running. RISLONE REMOVES GUMS In aggravated cases where there is an abnormal accumulation of gum, it is advisable to use a tablespoon of Shaler - Rislone injected into the spark plug hole and allow it to stand for ten or fifteen minutes. In this case the effects of Shaler - Rislone will be noticeable as soon as the engine is started. All experiments have shown that the difference in operation of a Risloned motor is feelable to men and women alike because of the smoother operation, better acceleration, quietness, and power imparted by Rislone. SOURCE OF GUMS Shaler engineers have carried on a great deal of experimental work with reference to gums, and they have finally segregated into three general families all of the gums and oxides which are deposited in an engine. These gums are from three general sources: the fuel, some anti - knock "dopes'' in fuel, and lubricating oils. Rislone is the only substance which is capable of counteracting the effect of all of these general families of gums as well as the particular gums which come under the subheading of these general classes. HOW RISLONE WORKS Rislone coats the mechanical parts of an engine and prevents the formation of guns for a long period, and so the effect of Rislone continues even after Rislone has been removed from the engine by draining. Rislone will not affect oil consumption as to burning of the oil. However, Rislone is very active and will creep into and through crevices that the ordinary oil will not penerate. If there is a tendency for leaks to occur around the engine, Rislone may go through these points of leakage faster than the regular oil. This we consider it virtue instead of a fault, inasmuch as Rislone is designed to penetrate the minute crevices and openings to provide ample lubrication. RISLONE IN THE CRANKCASE Gum formation is at its worst at the lower end of the valve stem in the guide away from the head of the valve, consequently, for positive effects, Rislone should approach it from this end. Rislone, when in the crankcase, is an integral part of the oil. Since there are oil vapors present around the valves at all times, the pumping action of the valve stems attracts Rislone to the point of gumming, and Rislone immediately goes to work to attack, dissolve, and eliminate the gums. Kerosene will put a false covering of lubricant over the gums present for a short length of time, and will ultimately cause a greater gum formation than before it was us... [truncated due to length]

Acquisition

Accession

2007.0020

Source or Donor

James & Harriet Laird

Acquisition Method

Gift